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anatomy.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<title>Ginger_Jungle, DMD (tbd)</title>
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</head>
<nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-static-top" style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="navbar-header">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">Preston's Site</a>
</div>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li class="dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Gastrointestinal Unit<span class="caret"></span></a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li class="active"><a href="overview.html">Overview and Anatomy</a></li>
<li><a href="secretions.html">GI secretions</a></li>
<li><a href="swallow.html">Swallowing</a></li>
<li><a href="disorders.html">GI Disorders</a></li>
<li><a href="hormones.html">Hormones</a></li>
<li><a href="gidisorders1.html">GI Disorders I</a></li>
</ul>
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<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Pharmacology<span class="caret"></span></a>
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<li><a href="gipharm1.html">GI Pharmacology I</a></li>
<li><a href="gipharm2.html">Disorders of GI Function</a></li>
<li><a href="endocrinepharm1.html">Endocrine Pharmacology I</a></li>
<li><a href="endocrinepharm2.html">Endocrine Pharmacology II</a></li>
<li><a href="endocrinepharm3.html">Endocrine Pharmacology III</a></li>
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<h1>Overview and anatomy</h1>
</div>
<div class="container text-left custom-background-transparentwhite">
<div style="font-size:16px">
<ol>
<li>Intermittent fasting reduces inflammation and oxidative stress,
increasing the number and quality of mitrochondria</li>
<li>Vocabulary</li>
<ul>
<li>Mastication - chewing</li>
<li>Deglutition - swallowing</li>
<li>Eructation - burping</li>
<li>Emesis - vomiting</li>
<li>Borborygmi - stomach grumbling</li>
<li>Postprandial - post meal</li>
</ul>
<li>Digestive system is functionally "outside" of the body, and 15 feet long</li>
<li>Four processes of the digestive system - Digestion, absorption, motility,
secretion - the last two are continuously regulated by gut stimuli via
the ENS and CNS</li>
<li>Long reflexes are initiated by sight, smell, and taste of food </li>
<li>Distension of peptides and amino acids initiate short reflexes </li>
<li>Three phrases of digestion</li>
<ul>
<li>Cephalic phase - oral and esophageal - initiated by stimuli and
characterized by an activated PNS, preparing stomach for food and digestion
</li>
<li>Gastric phase - storage, mixing, digestion and protection</li>
<li>Intestinal phase - digestion and absorption through the use of bicarbonate,
mucus, bile, enzymes (enteropeptidase)
</li></ul>
<li>Large intestine concentrates waste for excretion</li>
<li>The vagus nerve innervates the upper GI system - esophagus, stomach, pancreas,
intestine, upper colon</li>
<li>The pelvic nerve innervates the lower descending colon, rectum, and anus</li>
<li>PNS is excitatory for GI function, SNS is inhibitory</li>
<li>Spinal cord injury can disrupt GI function - e.g. involuntary defecation</li>
<li>Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease) is where there's
improper differentiation between the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus and the submucosal
(Meissner's) plexus in the <b>distal part of the colon (sigmoid) and rectum
</b> - due in part to a lack of an <b>enteric ganglion</b> along with variable length
of colon and inadequate motility</li>
<li>Accessory organs of GI system include liver and pancreas - and salivary glands</li>
<li>Sphincters include the UES, LES, Pyloric valve (in stomach), internal and external
anal sphincters, ileocecal valve, and sphincter of Oddi - which moves bile from pancreas
to intestines</li>
<li>GI tract has four layers</li>
<ul><li>Mucosa - epithelial, lamina propia, muscularis mucosae</li>
<li>Submucosa</li>
<li>Muscularis externa - made of oblique, circular, and longitudinal muscle</li>
<li>Serosa</li></ul>
<li>Proximal 1/3 of stomach is for storage, distal 2/3 for secretion and motility</li>
<li>Intestinal villi increase surface area, crypts help absorb, enterocytes help absorb</li>
<li>Celiac disease is caused by damage to microvilli and villi due to T-cell response</li>
</ol>
</div>
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