-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
Communications-based train control - Wikipedia.html
3336 lines (3140 loc) · 435 KB
/
Communications-based train control - Wikipedia.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0064)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control -->
<html class="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-enabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-enabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 vector-feature-client-preferences-disabled vector-feature-client-prefs-pinned-disabled vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-night-mode-clientpref-0 vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available vector-animations-ready ve-available" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-bybit-channel-name="Kag6oZlwX2diCceGRQrwt"><script type="text/javascript">window["_gaUserPrefs"] = { ioo : function() { return true; } }</script><div id="in-page-channel-node-id" data-channel-name="in_page_channel_GXDhkR"></div><script async="false" src="chrome-extension://cpmkedoipcpimgecpmgpldfpohjplkpp/window-provider.js"></script><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Communications-based train control - Wikipedia</title>
<script>document.documentElement.className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-enabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-enabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 vector-feature-client-preferences-disabled vector-feature-client-prefs-pinned-disabled vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-night-mode-clientpref-0 vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6aa5272f-a28a-4fef-8fac-cf96922f66ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":
false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Communications-based_train_control","wgTitle":"Communications-based train control","wgCurRevisionId":1210662275,"wgRevisionId":1210662275,"wgArticleId":32693708,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":"Roseteromeo56","wgUserGroups":["*","user"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2017","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Train protection systems","Telematics","Railway signalling block systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en",
"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Communications-based_train_control","wgRelevantArticleId":32693708,"wgUserId":47391276,"wgUserIsTemp":false,"wgUserEditCount":0,"wgUserRegistration":1708127962000,"wgUserFirstRegistration":1708086832000,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgNoticeUserData":{"registration":"20240216235922"},"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgGlobalGroups":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":6,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":["en-us","en","vi","hy"],"wgULSBabelLanguages":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":
"English","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1120452","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["architecture","bitness","brands","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgEchoSeenTime":{"alert":"1970-01-01T00:00:01Z","notice":"2024-02-17T00:11:19Z"}};RLSTATE={"skins.vector.user.styles":"ready","ext.gadget.SubtleUpdatemarker":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","skins.vector.user":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"loading","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready",
"jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.echo.styles.badge":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-alerts":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","mediawiki.page.watch.ajax","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.geonotice","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin.clearcookie","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.init","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions",
"wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.load("/w/load.php?lang=en\u0026modules=user\u0026skin=vector-2022\u0026user=Roseteromeo56\u0026version=1jbud");mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"1fd424c6e2ce9f8cf57aba63a66ae83665ee0bc7+\\","watchToken":"1aefbc39befafad3740cf9fee5aa97d265ee0bc7+\\","csrfToken":"ee8960fa0bff4184da43d815d9eb58a665ee0bc7+\\"});mw.user.options.set({"discussiontools-autotopicsub":"1","echo-subscriptions-email-dt-subscription":"1","growthexperiments-tour-newimpact-discovery":"1","popups":"1","rcenhancedfilters-seen-tour":"1","wlenhancedfilters-seen-tour":"1","echo-subscriptions-email-edit-user-talk":1,"echo-subscriptions-web-reverted":false,"echo-subscriptions-email-article-linked":true,"echo-subscriptions-web-article-linked":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-mention":true});
}];});});</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/load.php">
<script async="" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/load(1).php"></script>
<style>
.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{ font-size:13px; -moz-tab-size:4; tab-size:4; }.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget{font-size:inherit}.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input{ font-size:13px}.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget > input.oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > input.oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget > input.oo-ui-inputWidget-input{min-height:32px}
.oo-ui-icon-add,.mw-ui-icon-add:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E add %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11 9V4H9v5H4v2h5v5h2v-5h5V9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-add,.mw-ui-icon-add-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E add %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11 9V4H9v5H4v2h5v5h2v-5h5V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-add,.mw-ui-icon-add-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E add %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11 9V4H9v5H4v2h5v5h2v-5h5V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-browser,.mw-ui-icon-browser:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5M18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-browser,.mw-ui-icon-browser-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5M18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-browser,.mw-ui-icon-browser-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E browser %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M2 2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V4a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 1 1 2.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 4 3.5M18 16H2V8h16z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0M2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10m14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0M2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10m14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0M2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10m14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-cancel,.mw-ui-icon-cancel-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E cancel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0M2 10a8 8 0 0 1 1.69-4.9L14.9 16.31A8 8 0 0 1 2 10m14.31 4.9L5.1 3.69A8 8 0 0 1 16.31 14.9%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-success.oo-ui-icon-check,.mw-ui-icon-check-success:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2314866d%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M7 14.2 2.8 10l-1.4 1.4L7 17 19 5l-1.4-1.4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-checkAll,.mw-ui-icon-checkAll:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check all %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22m.29 12.71 1.42-1.42 2.22 2.22 8.3-10.14 1.54 1.26-9.7 11.86zM12 10h5v2h-5zm-3 4h5v2H9zm6-8h5v2h-5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-checkAll,.mw-ui-icon-checkAll-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check all %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m.29 12.71 1.42-1.42 2.22 2.22 8.3-10.14 1.54 1.26-9.7 11.86zM12 10h5v2h-5zm-3 4h5v2H9zm6-8h5v2h-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-checkAll,.mw-ui-icon-checkAll-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E check all %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m.29 12.71 1.42-1.42 2.22 2.22 8.3-10.14 1.54 1.26-9.7 11.86zM12 10h5v2h-5zm-3 4h5v2H9zm6-8h5v2h-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-clear,.mw-ui-icon-clear:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clear %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-clear,.mw-ui-icon-clear-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clear %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-clear,.mw-ui-icon-clear-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clear %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-clock,.mw-ui-icon-clock:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clock %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-clock,.mw-ui-icon-clock-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-clock,.mw-ui-icon-clock-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E clock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m2.5 14.5L9 11V4h2v6l3 3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-close,.mw-ui-icon-close:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22m4.3 2.9 12.8 12.8-1.4 1.4L2.9 4.3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17.1 4.3 4.3 17.1l-1.4-1.4L15.7 2.9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-close,.mw-ui-icon-close-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m4.3 2.9 12.8 12.8-1.4 1.4L2.9 4.3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17.1 4.3 4.3 17.1l-1.4-1.4L15.7 2.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-close,.mw-ui-icon-close-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E close %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m4.3 2.9 12.8 12.8-1.4 1.4L2.9 4.3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17.1 4.3 4.3 17.1l-1.4-1.4L15.7 2.9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-ellipsis,.mw-ui-icon-ellipsis:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%223%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2217%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-ellipsis,.mw-ui-icon-ellipsis-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%223%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2217%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-ellipsis,.mw-ui-icon-ellipsis-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%223%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2217%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis,.mw-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E vertical ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%223%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis,.mw-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E vertical ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%223%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis,.mw-ui-icon-verticalEllipsis-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E vertical ellipsis %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%223%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-feedback,.mw-ui-icon-feedback:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E feedback %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 16 2 12a3.83 3.83 0 0 1-1-2.5A3.83 3.83 0 0 1 2 7l17-4z%22/%3E%3Crect width=%224%22 height=%228%22 x=%224%22 y=%229%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-feedback,.mw-ui-icon-feedback-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E feedback %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 16 2 12a3.83 3.83 0 0 1-1-2.5A3.83 3.83 0 0 1 2 7l17-4z%22/%3E%3Crect width=%224%22 height=%228%22 x=%224%22 y=%229%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-feedback,.mw-ui-icon-feedback-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E feedback %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 16 2 12a3.83 3.83 0 0 1-1-2.5A3.83 3.83 0 0 1 2 7l17-4z%22/%3E%3Crect width=%224%22 height=%228%22 x=%224%22 y=%229%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-funnel,.mw-ui-icon-funnel-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E funnel %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 13 1 1h18z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 9v8l4 2V9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-hand,.mw-ui-icon-hand-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E hand %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M18 4.6V17c0 1.9-.5 3-2.4 3H9.5c-.9 0-1.8-.4-2.4-1l-4.6-5-.5-1c0-1 .5-1 .5-1 .3 0 .6 0 1 .2L7 14V3.3C7 2.6 7.3 2 8 2c.6 0 1 .7 1 1.4V9h1V1.2c0-.6.3-1.2 1-1.2s1 .6 1 1.3V9h1V2c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3v7h1V4.6c0-.7.3-1.3 1-1.3s1 .6 1 1.3%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-heart,.mw-ui-icon-heart:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E heart %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M14.75 1A5.24 5.24 0 0 0 10 4 5.24 5.24 0 0 0 0 6.25C0 11.75 10 19 10 19s10-7.25 10-12.75A5.25 5.25 0 0 0 14.75 1%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-heart,.mw-ui-icon-heart-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E heart %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M14.75 1A5.24 5.24 0 0 0 10 4 5.24 5.24 0 0 0 0 6.25C0 11.75 10 19 10 19s10-7.25 10-12.75A5.25 5.25 0 0 0 14.75 1%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-heart,.mw-ui-icon-heart-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E heart %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M14.75 1A5.24 5.24 0 0 0 10 4 5.24 5.24 0 0 0 0 6.25C0 11.75 10 19 10 19s10-7.25 10-12.75A5.25 5.25 0 0 0 14.75 1%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-help,.mw-ui-icon-help:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10.06 1C13 1 15 2.89 15 5.53a4.59 4.59 0 0 1-2.29 4.08c-1.42.92-1.82 1.53-1.82 2.71V13H8.38v-.81a3.84 3.84 0 0 1 2-3.84c1.34-.9 1.79-1.53 1.79-2.71a2.1 2.1 0 0 0-2.08-2.14h-.17a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-2.38 2.22v.17H5A4.71 4.71 0 0 1 9.51 1a5 5 0 0 1 .55 0%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-help,.mw-ui-icon-help-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10.06 1C13 1 15 2.89 15 5.53a4.59 4.59 0 0 1-2.29 4.08c-1.42.92-1.82 1.53-1.82 2.71V13H8.38v-.81a3.84 3.84 0 0 1 2-3.84c1.34-.9 1.79-1.53 1.79-2.71a2.1 2.1 0 0 0-2.08-2.14h-.17a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-2.38 2.22v.17H5A4.71 4.71 0 0 1 9.51 1a5 5 0 0 1 .55 0%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-help,.mw-ui-icon-help-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10.06 1C13 1 15 2.89 15 5.53a4.59 4.59 0 0 1-2.29 4.08c-1.42.92-1.82 1.53-1.82 2.71V13H8.38v-.81a3.84 3.84 0 0 1 2-3.84c1.34-.9 1.79-1.53 1.79-2.71a2.1 2.1 0 0 0-2.08-2.14h-.17a2.3 2.3 0 0 0-2.38 2.22v.17H5A4.71 4.71 0 0 1 9.51 1a5 5 0 0 1 .55 0%22/%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2217%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-helpNotice,.mw-ui-icon-helpNotice:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m1 16H9v-2h2zm2.71-7.6a2.6 2.6 0 0 1-.33.74 3.2 3.2 0 0 1-.48.55l-.54.48c-.21.18-.41.35-.58.52a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-.47.56A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 11 12a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.11 1H9.08a9 9 0 0 1 .07-1.25 3.3 3.3 0 0 1 .25-.9 2.8 2.8 0 0 1 .41-.67 4 4 0 0 1 .58-.58c.17-.16.34-.3.51-.44a3 3 0 0 0 .43-.44 1.8 1.8 0 0 0 .3-.55 2 2 0 0 0 .11-.72 2.1 2.1 0 0 0-.17-.86 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-1-.9 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.5-.1 1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.53.68 3 3 0 0 0-.5 1.82H6.16a4.7 4.7 0 0 1 .28-1.68 3.6 3.6 0 0 1 .8-1.29 3.9 3.9 0 0 1 1.28-.83A4.6 4.6 0 0 1 10.18 4a4.4 4.4 0 0 1 1.44.23 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 1.15.65 3.1 3.1 0 0 1 .78 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 .29 1.45 3.4 3.4 0 0 1-.13 1.01%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-helpNotice,.mw-ui-icon-helpNotice-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m1 16H9v-2h2zm2.71-7.6a2.6 2.6 0 0 1-.33.74 3.2 3.2 0 0 1-.48.55l-.54.48c-.21.18-.41.35-.58.52a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-.47.56A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 11 12a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.11 1H9.08a9 9 0 0 1 .07-1.25 3.3 3.3 0 0 1 .25-.9 2.8 2.8 0 0 1 .41-.67 4 4 0 0 1 .58-.58c.17-.16.34-.3.51-.44a3 3 0 0 0 .43-.44 1.8 1.8 0 0 0 .3-.55 2 2 0 0 0 .11-.72 2.1 2.1 0 0 0-.17-.86 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-1-.9 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.5-.1 1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.53.68 3 3 0 0 0-.5 1.82H6.16a4.7 4.7 0 0 1 .28-1.68 3.6 3.6 0 0 1 .8-1.29 3.9 3.9 0 0 1 1.28-.83A4.6 4.6 0 0 1 10.18 4a4.4 4.4 0 0 1 1.44.23 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 1.15.65 3.1 3.1 0 0 1 .78 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 .29 1.45 3.4 3.4 0 0 1-.13 1.01%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-helpNotice,.mw-ui-icon-helpNotice-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E help %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 0a10 10 0 1 0 10 10A10 10 0 0 0 10 0m1 16H9v-2h2zm2.71-7.6a2.6 2.6 0 0 1-.33.74 3.2 3.2 0 0 1-.48.55l-.54.48c-.21.18-.41.35-.58.52a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-.47.56A2.3 2.3 0 0 0 11 12a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.11 1H9.08a9 9 0 0 1 .07-1.25 3.3 3.3 0 0 1 .25-.9 2.8 2.8 0 0 1 .41-.67 4 4 0 0 1 .58-.58c.17-.16.34-.3.51-.44a3 3 0 0 0 .43-.44 1.8 1.8 0 0 0 .3-.55 2 2 0 0 0 .11-.72 2.1 2.1 0 0 0-.17-.86 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-1-.9 1.7 1.7 0 0 0-.5-.1 1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.53.68 3 3 0 0 0-.5 1.82H6.16a4.7 4.7 0 0 1 .28-1.68 3.6 3.6 0 0 1 .8-1.29 3.9 3.9 0 0 1 1.28-.83A4.6 4.6 0 0 1 10.18 4a4.4 4.4 0 0 1 1.44.23 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 1.15.65 3.1 3.1 0 0 1 .78 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 .29 1.45 3.4 3.4 0 0 1-.13 1.01%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-home,.mw-ui-icon-home:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E home %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 1 0 10h3v9h4v-4.6c0-1.47 1.31-2.66 3-2.66s3 1.19 3 2.66V19h4v-9h3z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-home,.mw-ui-icon-home-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E home %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 1 0 10h3v9h4v-4.6c0-1.47 1.31-2.66 3-2.66s3 1.19 3 2.66V19h4v-9h3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-home,.mw-ui-icon-home-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E home %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 1 0 10h3v9h4v-4.6c0-1.47 1.31-2.66 3-2.66s3 1.19 3 2.66V19h4v-9h3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-key,.mw-ui-icon-key:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E key %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 6a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-1.5-1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0A1.54 1.54 0 0 1 15 6m-1.5-5A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 8 6.5a6.8 6.8 0 0 0 .7 2.8L1 17v2h4v-2h2v-2h2l3.2-3.2a6 6 0 0 0 1.3.2A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 19 6.5 5.55 5.55 0 0 0 13.5 1%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-key,.mw-ui-icon-key-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E key %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 6a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-1.5-1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0A1.54 1.54 0 0 1 15 6m-1.5-5A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 8 6.5a6.8 6.8 0 0 0 .7 2.8L1 17v2h4v-2h2v-2h2l3.2-3.2a6 6 0 0 0 1.3.2A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 19 6.5 5.55 5.55 0 0 0 13.5 1%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-key,.mw-ui-icon-key-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E key %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 6a1.54 1.54 0 0 1-1.5-1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0A1.54 1.54 0 0 1 15 6m-1.5-5A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 8 6.5a6.8 6.8 0 0 0 .7 2.8L1 17v2h4v-2h2v-2h2l3.2-3.2a6 6 0 0 0 1.3.2A5.55 5.55 0 0 0 19 6.5 5.55 5.55 0 0 0 13.5 1%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-keyboard,.mw-ui-icon-keyboard:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E keyboard %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M0 15a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2zm9-9h2v2H9zm0 3h2v2H9zM6 6h2v2H6zm0 3h2v2H6zm-1 5H3v-2h2zm0-3H3V9h2zm0-3H3V6h2zm9 6H6v-2h8zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2zm3 6h-2v-2h2zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-keyboard,.mw-ui-icon-keyboard-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E keyboard %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M0 15a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2zm9-9h2v2H9zm0 3h2v2H9zM6 6h2v2H6zm0 3h2v2H6zm-1 5H3v-2h2zm0-3H3V9h2zm0-3H3V6h2zm9 6H6v-2h8zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2zm3 6h-2v-2h2zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-keyboard,.mw-ui-icon-keyboard-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E keyboard %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M0 15a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2zm9-9h2v2H9zm0 3h2v2H9zM6 6h2v2H6zm0 3h2v2H6zm-1 5H3v-2h2zm0-3H3V9h2zm0-3H3V6h2zm9 6H6v-2h8zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2zm3 6h-2v-2h2zm0-3h-2V9h2zm0-3h-2V6h2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-lightbulb,.mw-ui-icon-lightbulb:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E lightbulb %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 19a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 1 0-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0 0 17 7%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-lightbulb,.mw-ui-icon-lightbulb-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E lightbulb %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 19a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 1 0-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0 0 17 7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-lightbulb,.mw-ui-icon-lightbulb-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E lightbulb %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M8 19a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h2a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 1 0-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0 0 17 7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-logIn,.mw-ui-icon-logIn:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log in %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 11v6c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V3c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H3c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6h8V5l4.75 5L9 15v-4z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-logIn,.mw-ui-icon-logIn-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log in %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 11v6c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V3c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H3c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6h8V5l4.75 5L9 15v-4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-logIn,.mw-ui-icon-logIn-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log in %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 11v6c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V3c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H3c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6h8V5l4.75 5L9 15v-4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-logOut,.mw-ui-icon-logOut:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log out %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M3 3h8V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8v-2H3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M13 5v4H5v2h8v4l6-5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-logOut,.mw-ui-icon-logOut-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log out %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M3 3h8V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8v-2H3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M13 5v4H5v2h8v4l6-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-logOut,.mw-ui-icon-logOut-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E log out %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M3 3h8V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8v-2H3z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M13 5v4H5v2h8v4l6-5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-network,.mw-ui-icon-network:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2215%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 7.4a12 13 0 0 1 18 0l-1.5 1.4a10 11.1 0 0 0-15 0zm3.7 3.2a7 7.3 0 0 1 10.7 0L14 12a5 5.3 0 0 0-7.8 0z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-network,.mw-ui-icon-network-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2215%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 7.4a12 13 0 0 1 18 0l-1.5 1.4a10 11.1 0 0 0-15 0zm3.7 3.2a7 7.3 0 0 1 10.7 0L14 12a5 5.3 0 0 0-7.8 0z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-network,.mw-ui-icon-network-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2215%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 7.4a12 13 0 0 1 18 0l-1.5 1.4a10 11.1 0 0 0-15 0zm3.7 3.2a7 7.3 0 0 1 10.7 0L14 12a5 5.3 0 0 0-7.8 0z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-networkOff,.mw-ui-icon-networkOff:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network off %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2216%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.4 11.6A7.1 7.1 0 0 0 12 9.1l3.4 3.4zM19 8.4A12.2 14 0 0 0 8.2 4.2L10 6a9.9 9.9 0 0 1 7.4 3.7zM3.5 2 2 3.4l2.2 2.2A13.1 13.1 0 0 0 1 8.4l1.5 1.3a10.7 10.7 0 0 1 3.2-2.6L8 9.3a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-3.3 2.3L6.1 13a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 3.6-2l6.8 7 1.5-1.5z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-networkOff,.mw-ui-icon-networkOff-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network off %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2216%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.4 11.6A7.1 7.1 0 0 0 12 9.1l3.4 3.4zM19 8.4A12.2 14 0 0 0 8.2 4.2L10 6a9.9 9.9 0 0 1 7.4 3.7zM3.5 2 2 3.4l2.2 2.2A13.1 13.1 0 0 0 1 8.4l1.5 1.3a10.7 10.7 0 0 1 3.2-2.6L8 9.3a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-3.3 2.3L6.1 13a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 3.6-2l6.8 7 1.5-1.5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-networkOff,.mw-ui-icon-networkOff-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E network off %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2216%22 r=%222%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.4 11.6A7.1 7.1 0 0 0 12 9.1l3.4 3.4zM19 8.4A12.2 14 0 0 0 8.2 4.2L10 6a9.9 9.9 0 0 1 7.4 3.7zM3.5 2 2 3.4l2.2 2.2A13.1 13.1 0 0 0 1 8.4l1.5 1.3a10.7 10.7 0 0 1 3.2-2.6L8 9.3a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-3.3 2.3L6.1 13a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 3.6-2l6.8 7 1.5-1.5z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-newWindow,.mw-ui-icon-newWindow:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E new window %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.3 3.3L8.6 10l1.4 1.4 5.7-5.7L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-newWindow,.mw-ui-icon-newWindow-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E new window %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.3 3.3L8.6 10l1.4 1.4 5.7-5.7L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-newWindow,.mw-ui-icon-newWindow-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E new window %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.3 3.3L8.6 10l1.4 1.4 5.7-5.7L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-pageSettings,.mw-ui-icon-pageSettings:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E page settings %3C/title%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%221.75%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2m0 9.75-1.37.25a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.38.93l.82 1.07L13 14.07l-1.12-.82a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.93.38l-.2 1.37h-1.5L9 13.63a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.93-.38L7 14.07 5.93 13l.82-1.12a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.38-.88L5 10.75v-1.5L6.37 9a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .38-.93L5.93 7 7 5.93l1.12.82A3.7 3.7 0 0 1 9 6.37L9.25 5h1.5L11 6.37a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .93.38L13 5.93 14.07 7l-.82 1.12a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .38.93l1.37.2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-pageSettings,.mw-ui-icon-pageSettings-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E page settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%221.75%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2m0 9.75-1.37.25a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.38.93l.82 1.07L13 14.07l-1.12-.82a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.93.38l-.2 1.37h-1.5L9 13.63a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.93-.38L7 14.07 5.93 13l.82-1.12a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.38-.88L5 10.75v-1.5L6.37 9a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .38-.93L5.93 7 7 5.93l1.12.82A3.7 3.7 0 0 1 9 6.37L9.25 5h1.5L11 6.37a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .93.38L13 5.93 14.07 7l-.82 1.12a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .38.93l1.37.2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-pageSettings,.mw-ui-icon-pageSettings-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E page settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Ccircle cx=%2210%22 cy=%2210%22 r=%221.75%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15 1H5a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2m0 9.75-1.37.25a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.38.93l.82 1.07L13 14.07l-1.12-.82a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.93.38l-.2 1.37h-1.5L9 13.63a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.93-.38L7 14.07 5.93 13l.82-1.12a3.7 3.7 0 0 1-.38-.88L5 10.75v-1.5L6.37 9a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .38-.93L5.93 7 7 5.93l1.12.82A3.7 3.7 0 0 1 9 6.37L9.25 5h1.5L11 6.37a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .93.38L13 5.93 14.07 7l-.82 1.12a3.7 3.7 0 0 1 .38.93l1.37.2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-printer,.mw-ui-icon-printer:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E printer %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5 1h10v4H5zM3 6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7h4v4h10v-4h4V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm11 12H6v-6h8zm2-8a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-printer,.mw-ui-icon-printer-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E printer %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5 1h10v4H5zM3 6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7h4v4h10v-4h4V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm11 12H6v-6h8zm2-8a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-printer,.mw-ui-icon-printer-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E printer %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5 1h10v4H5zM3 6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v7h4v4h10v-4h4V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm11 12H6v-6h8zm2-8a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-reload,.mw-ui-icon-reload:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E reload %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.65 4.35A8 8 0 1 0 17.4 13h-2.22a6 6 0 1 1-1-7.22L11 9h7V2z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-reload,.mw-ui-icon-reload-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E reload %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.65 4.35A8 8 0 1 0 17.4 13h-2.22a6 6 0 1 1-1-7.22L11 9h7V2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-reload,.mw-ui-icon-reload-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E reload %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.65 4.35A8 8 0 1 0 17.4 13h-2.22a6 6 0 1 1-1-7.22L11 9h7V2z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-search,.mw-ui-icon-search:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E search %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-search,.mw-ui-icon-search-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E search %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-search,.mw-ui-icon-search-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E search %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cg xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-settings,.mw-ui-icon-settings-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E settings %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cg xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 transform=%22translate%2810 10%29%22%3E%3Cpath id=%22a%22 d=%22M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2845%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%2890%29%22/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 transform=%22rotate%28135%29%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath d=%22M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0 15 7.5 7.5 0 0 0 0-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-subtract,.mw-ui-icon-subtract-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E subtract %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4 9h12v2H4z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}
.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=appearance&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=appearance&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbleAdd&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbleAdd&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbles&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=speechBubbles&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=article&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=article&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=history&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=history&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=wikiText&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=wikiText&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=edit&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=edit&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=editLock&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=editLock&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-exitFullscreen{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=exitFullscreen&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-exitFullscreen-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=exitFullscreen&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-fullScreen{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=fullScreen&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-fullScreen-progressive{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=skins.vector.icons.js&image=fullScreen&variant=progressive&format=original&lang=en&skin=vector-2022&version=1w5li)}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}:target .mw-cite-targeted-backlink{font-weight:bold}.mw-cite-up-arrow-backlink{display:none}:target .mw-cite-up-arrow-backlink{display:inline}:target .mw-cite-up-arrow{display:none}
.ext-urlshortener-result-dialog{font-size:0.90909em}.ext-urlshortener-result-dialog a{word-wrap:break-word}
.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar{height:1em;width:0} .ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget{background-color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;height:0.875em;border:1px solid #36c;border-radius:0.875em;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar{background-color:#36c;height:0.875em}
.rt-tooltip{position:absolute;z-index:800; max-width:350px;background:#fff;color:#222;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 15px 45px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);overflow-wrap:break-word}.rt-tooltip.rt-tooltip-insideWindow{z-index:810}.rt-tooltipContent{padding:8px 11px}.rt-tooltip-above .rt-tooltipContent{margin-bottom:-8px;padding-bottom:16px}.rt-tooltip-below .rt-tooltipContent{margin-top:-10px;padding-top:18px}.rt-tooltipTail,.rt-tooltipTail:after{position:absolute;width:12px;height:12px}.rt-tooltipTail{background:linear-gradient(to top right,#c8ccd1 50%,rgba(0,0,0,0) 50%)}.rt-tooltipTail:after{content:"";background:#fff;bottom:1px;left:1px}.rt-tooltip-above .rt-tooltipTail{transform:rotate(-45deg);transform-origin:100% 100%;bottom:0;left:15px}.rt-tooltip-below .rt-tooltipTail{transform:rotate(135deg);transform-origin:0 0;top:0;left:27px}.rt-settingsLink{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%3E%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2014.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5%201.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5%205h-2.9l-.3%201.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4%206.3%205.3%208.4l1%201.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6%201.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6%201.4l-1%201.5%202.1%202.1%201.5-1c.4.2.9.4%201.4.6l.3%201.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3%201.4-.6l1.5%201.1%202.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1%20.6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12%2016c-1.7%200-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%203-3%203%201.3%203%203-1.3%203-3%203z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E);float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:-4px -4px 0 8px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px}.rt-settingsLink:hover{background-color:#eee}.rt-target{background-color:#def}.rt-enableSelect{font-weight:bold}.rt-settingsFormSeparator{margin:0.85714286em 0}.rt-numberInput.rt-numberInput{width:150px}.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField.rt-tooltipsForCommentsField{margin-top:1.64285714em}.rt-disabledHelp{border-collapse:collapse}.rt-disabledHelp td{padding:0}.rt-disabledNote.rt-disabledNote{vertical-align:bottom;padding-left:0.36em;font-weight:bold}@keyframes rt-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px) }100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }}@keyframes rt-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px) }100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }}@keyframes rt-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px) }}@keyframes rt-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0) }100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px) }}.rt-fade-in-up{animation:rt-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-in-down{animation:rt-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-out-down{animation:rt-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards }.rt-fade-out-up{animation:rt-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards }
.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font:inherit}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default .mw-collapsible-text{color:#36c}.mw-underline-always .mw-collapsible-toggle-default .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-underline-never .mw-collapsible-toggle-default .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:none}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default:hover .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default:active .mw-collapsible-text{color:#faa700}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::before{content:'['}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::after{content:']'}.mw-customtoggle,.mw-collapsible-toggle{cursor:pointer} caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none}
@media screen {
.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;font-size:94%}}
#mw-teleport-target{position:absolute;z-index:450}
#vector-client-prefs form{font-size:0.875rem;padding:6px 0}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout::before,.uls-menu.callout::after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::after{ border-left:10px solid #ffffff; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::after{ border-right:10px solid #ffffff; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?c9c25) no-repeat scroll center center;background-size:28px;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.87}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#ffffff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal} .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);font-size:0.875em;z-index:50}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-search-label{opacity:0.51;transition:opacity 250ms}.skin-vector .uls-search-wrapper:hover .uls-search-label{opacity:0.87}.skin-vector .uls-languagefilter,.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *:not(.mw-notification-area-overlay){display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .cdx-button:nth-child(n + 2){border-left:none}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1em,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1em,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1em,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M3 5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2h14a2 2 0 002-2V7a2 2 0 00-2-2zm0 11 3.5-4.5 2.5 3 3.5-4.5 4.5 6zM16 2a2 2 0 012 2H2a2 2 0 012-2z\"/></svg>");transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:100ms}}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1em,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1em,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1em,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:100ms}}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#fcfcfc}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:8px 12px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::before,#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::after{content:none}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.uls-settings-block--with-add-languages{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-add-languages-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/add.svg?3165e) no-repeat left center;margin-right:32px;padding-left:32px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-language-settings-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/cog.svg?ce0b4) no-repeat center;margin-left:auto;border:0;min-height:20px;min-width:20px}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022){background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button:hover{color:#202122}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.svg?9fd85)}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.svg?60384)}.uls-tipsy.uls-tipsy{z-index:1000}.uls-empty-state{padding:28px}.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__header,.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__desc{color:#54595d}.uls-empty-state .uls-language-action-items{list-style:none;margin:1em 0}.empty-language-selector__language-settings-button{margin:12px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog{min-width:248px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;display:flex;align-items:center;height:32px;padding:5px 0}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title .uls-language-actions-close{min-width:unset;width:44px;background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/arrow-previous.svg?279af) no-repeat center}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget{margin:0;padding:12px 8px;display:block}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget .oo-ui-buttonElement-button{padding-left:36px}.mw-interlanguage-selector-disabled #p-lang-btn-sticky-header{display:none}</style><style>
.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em;width:100%;-moz-tab-size:4;tab-size:4; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }</style><style>
.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #siteNotice,.ve-active .mw-indicators,.ve-active #t-print,.ve-active #t-permalink,.ve-active #p-coll-print_export,.ve-active #t-cite,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none}.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface{display:none}.ve-activating{ }.ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder):not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget),.ve-loading .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent,.ve-activated:not(.ve-loading) .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #firstHeading{ -webkit-user-select:text;-moz-user-select:text;-ms-user-select:text;user-select:text;pointer-events:auto;cursor:text}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer #firstHeading a{ pointer-events:none}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks:hover{ background:#e9f2fd}.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-originalContent #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{z-index:2;position:absolute;width:100%;top:1em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{overflow:hidden;transition:height 250ms ease;height:0;padding-bottom:2px; }.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{transform:translateY(-100%);transition:transform 250ms ease}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{transform:translateY(0)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating{transition:none}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{position:fixed;top:0;z-index:1;background:#fff} .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{ unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection::before{content:'\200B'}.mw-editsection a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar{height:42px;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-floating,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:42px} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-bar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar.ve-ui-toolbar > .oo-ui-toolbar-bar{box-shadow:0 2px 1px -1px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body{ }.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body .firstHeading{grid-area:titlebar}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-body .mw-body-content{grid-area:content}.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-preview .mw-content-container{max-width:960px;margin:0 auto}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget .ve-init-mw-target-surface > .ve-ce-surface .ve-ce-attachedRootNode{min-height:15em}</style><style>
.popups-icon--preview-generic{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Ctitle%3E sad face %3C/title%3E %3Cpath d=%22M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v18l4-4h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zm4 4c1.336 0 2.007 1.617 1.06 2.56-.943.947-2.56.276-2.56-1.06A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 4m8 0c1.336 0 2.007 1.617 1.06 2.56-.943.947-2.56.276-2.56-1.06A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 14 4m-4 5c2.61 0 4.83.67 5.65 3H4.35C5.17 9.67 7.39 9 10 9%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.popups-icon--footer{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23a%22 fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23b%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse xlink:href=%22%23c%22 fill=%22%2336c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}
.oo-ui-icon-edit,.mw-ui-icon-edit:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22m16.77 8 1.94-2a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.41l-3.34-3.3a1 1 0 0 0-1.41 0L12 3.23zM1 14.25V19h4.75l9.96-9.96-4.75-4.75z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-edit,.mw-ui-icon-edit-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m16.77 8 1.94-2a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.41l-3.34-3.3a1 1 0 0 0-1.41 0L12 3.23zM1 14.25V19h4.75l9.96-9.96-4.75-4.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-edit,.mw-ui-icon-edit-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22m16.77 8 1.94-2a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.41l-3.34-3.3a1 1 0 0 0-1.41 0L12 3.23zM1 14.25V19h4.75l9.96-9.96-4.75-4.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-editLock,.mw-ui-icon-editLock:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit lock %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5.25l-9 9V19h4.75l7-7zm7-8h-.5V2.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0V4H13a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1m-3 4a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1m1.5-4h-3V2.75C14.5 2 14.5 1 16 1s1.5 1 1.5 1.75z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-editLock,.mw-ui-icon-editLock-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit lock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5.25l-9 9V19h4.75l7-7zm7-8h-.5V2.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0V4H13a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1m-3 4a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1m1.5-4h-3V2.75C14.5 2 14.5 1 16 1s1.5 1 1.5 1.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-editLock,.mw-ui-icon-editLock-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E edit lock %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M12 12a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5.25l-9 9V19h4.75l7-7zm7-8h-.5V2.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 0-5 0V4H13a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1m-3 4a1 1 0 1 1 1-1 1 1 0 0 1-1 1m1.5-4h-3V2.75C14.5 2 14.5 1 16 1s1.5 1 1.5 1.75z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-editUndo,.mw-ui-icon-editUndo:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo edit %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 14.25V19h4.75l8.33-8.33-5.27-4.23zM13 2.86V0L8 4l5 4V5h.86c2.29 0 4 1.43 4 4.29H20a6.51 6.51 0 0 0-6.14-6.43z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-editUndo,.mw-ui-icon-editUndo-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 14.25V19h4.75l8.33-8.33-5.27-4.23zM13 2.86V0L8 4l5 4V5h.86c2.29 0 4 1.43 4 4.29H20a6.51 6.51 0 0 0-6.14-6.43z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-editUndo,.mw-ui-icon-editUndo-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo edit %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 14.25V19h4.75l8.33-8.33-5.27-4.23zM13 2.86V0L8 4l5 4V5h.86c2.29 0 4 1.43 4 4.29H20a6.51 6.51 0 0 0-6.14-6.43z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-link,.mw-ui-icon-link:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E link %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5a3 3 0 1 1 0-6h3a3 3 0 0 1 2.82 4h2.1a5 5 0 0 0 .08-.83v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.17 5H4.83A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.17 5h-2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15a3 3 0 1 1 0 6h-3a3 3 0 0 1-2.82-4h-2.1a5 5 0 0 0-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-link,.mw-ui-icon-link-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5a3 3 0 1 1 0-6h3a3 3 0 0 1 2.82 4h2.1a5 5 0 0 0 .08-.83v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.17 5H4.83A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.17 5h-2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15a3 3 0 1 1 0 6h-3a3 3 0 0 1-2.82-4h-2.1a5 5 0 0 0-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-link,.mw-ui-icon-link-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5a3 3 0 1 1 0-6h3a3 3 0 0 1 2.82 4h2.1a5 5 0 0 0 .08-.83v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.17 5H4.83A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M15.17 5h-2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15a3 3 0 1 1 0 6h-3a3 3 0 0 1-2.82-4h-2.1a5 5 0 0 0-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3q.113.002.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03M7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34q.475 0 .941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3q.113.002.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03M7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34q.475 0 .941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3q.113.002.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03M7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34q.475 0 .941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-destructive.oo-ui-icon-unLink,.mw-ui-icon-unLink-destructive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E unlink %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23d33%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M4.83 5A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 0 9.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 4.83 15h2.91a4.9 4.9 0 0 1-1.55-2H5c-4 0-4-6 0-6h3q.113.002.225.012L6.215 5zm7.43 0a4.9 4.9 0 0 1 1.55 2H15c3.179.003 4.17 4.3 1.314 5.695l1.508 1.508A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 20 10.17v-.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 15.17 5zm-3.612.03 4.329 4.327A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 8.648 5.03M7.227 8.411C7.17 8.595 7.08 9 7.08 9c-.045.273-.08.584-.08.83v.34A4.83 4.83 0 0 0 11.83 15h3.34q.475 0 .941-.094L14.205 13H12c-2.067-.006-3.51-2.051-2.82-4zm3.755 1.36A3 3 0 0 1 10.82 11h1.389z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1.22 0 0 1.22 18.8 20l1.2-1.22z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-linkExternal,.mw-ui-icon-linkExternal:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E external link %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.29 3.29-5.73 5.73 1.42 1.42 5.73-5.73L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-linkExternal,.mw-ui-icon-linkExternal-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E external link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.29 3.29-5.73 5.73 1.42 1.42 5.73-5.73L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-linkExternal,.mw-ui-icon-linkExternal-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E external link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M17 17H3V3h5V1H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-5h-2z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22m11 1 3.29 3.29-5.73 5.73 1.42 1.42 5.73-5.73L19 9V1z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-linkSecure,.mw-ui-icon-linkSecure:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E secure link %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.07 8H15V5s0-5-5-5-5 5-5 5v3H3.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 2 9.93v8.15A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 3.93 20h12.14A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 18 18.07V9.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 16.07 8M7 5.5C7 4 7 2 10 2s3 2 3 3.5V8H7zM10 16a2 2 0 1 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-linkSecure,.mw-ui-icon-linkSecure-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E secure link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.07 8H15V5s0-5-5-5-5 5-5 5v3H3.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 2 9.93v8.15A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 3.93 20h12.14A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 18 18.07V9.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 16.07 8M7 5.5C7 4 7 2 10 2s3 2 3 3.5V8H7zM10 16a2 2 0 1 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-linkSecure,.mw-ui-icon-linkSecure-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E secure link %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M16.07 8H15V5s0-5-5-5-5 5-5 5v3H3.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 2 9.93v8.15A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 3.93 20h12.14A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 18 18.07V9.93A1.93 1.93 0 0 0 16.07 8M7 5.5C7 4 7 2 10 2s3 2 3 3.5V8H7zM10 16a2 2 0 1 1 2-2 2 2 0 0 1-2 2%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-redo,.mw-ui-icon-redo:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E redo %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 8.5 12 3v11zM12 7v3h-1c-4 0-7 2-7 6v1H1v-1c0-6 5-9 10-9z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-redo,.mw-ui-icon-redo-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E redo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 8.5 12 3v11zM12 7v3h-1c-4 0-7 2-7 6v1H1v-1c0-6 5-9 10-9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-redo,.mw-ui-icon-redo-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E redo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M19 8.5 12 3v11zM12 7v3h-1c-4 0-7 2-7 6v1H1v-1c0-6 5-9 10-9z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-icon-undo,.mw-ui-icon-undo:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo %3C/title%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 8.5 8 14v-4h1c4 0 7 2 7 6v1h3v-1c0-6-5-9-10-9H8V3z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-invert.oo-ui-icon-undo,.mw-ui-icon-undo-invert:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%23fff%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 8.5 8 14v-4h1c4 0 7 2 7 6v1h3v-1c0-6-5-9-10-9H8V3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-undo,.mw-ui-icon-undo-progressive:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%3Ctitle%3E undo %3C/title%3E%3Cg fill=%22%2336c%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M1 8.5 8 14v-4h1c4 0 7 2 7 6v1h3v-1c0-6-5-9-10-9H8V3z%22/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}</style><style>
@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}.popups-icon--settings{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--settings{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--settings{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--settings{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--settings,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--settings,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--settings{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--settings{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--infoFilled{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--infoFilled{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--infoFilled{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--infoFilled{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--infoFilled,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--infoFilled,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--infoFilled{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--infoFilled{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar){background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar),.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar),.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar){filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar){ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--close{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--close{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--close{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--close{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--close,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--close,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--close{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--close{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}#mwe-popups-settings{z-index:1000;background-color:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.25em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form p{color:#54595d;font-size:14px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;width:300px;margin-left:10px;flex-direction:column}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label > span{color:#000;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label::before{top:0.78125em !important}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .popups-icon{background-size:contain;width:180px;max-width:none;height:140px;margin:0;padding:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#202122;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:0 16px 16px;margin:0;position:absolute;bottom:0;pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer a{pointer-events:auto}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-settings-button{float:right;pointer-events:auto;min-width:32px !important; min-height:32px !important; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#202122;text-decoration:none;position:relative;padding-bottom:4px}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract::after,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract blockquote::after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']::after{ right:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']::after{ left:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract blockquote::after{width:100%;height:25px; bottom:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 75%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:176px;overflow:hidden;float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{left:0;right:203px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:50px;max-height:136px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:50px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{left:0;right:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.07000000000000001);top:-8px;left:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #fff;top:-7px;left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{left:auto;right:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after{left:auto;right:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px;left:9px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #fff;top:-8px;left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px;left:293px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #fff;top:-8px;left:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113;left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px;left:420px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113;right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px;left:293px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #fff;bottom:-8px;left:290px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px;left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #fff;bottom:-8px;left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px;position:absolute;z-index:113;right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-y::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px;left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped-y::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #fff;bottom:-7px;left:7px}.mwe-popups-is-tall polyline{transform:translate(0,0)}.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y polyline{transform:translate(0,-8px)}.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x polyline{transform:translate(0,8px)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall polyline{transform:translate(-100%,0)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y polyline{transform:translate(-100%,-8px)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x polyline{transform:translate(-100%,8px)}@supports (clip-path:polygon(1px 1px)){.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-thumbnail{display:block;object-fit:cover;outline:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mwe-popups.flipped-y .mwe-popups-container,.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container{--y1:100%;--y2:calc(100% - var(--pointer-height));--y3:calc(100% - var(--pointer-height) - var(--pseudo-radius));--y4:var(--pseudo-radius);--y5:0;margin-bottom:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1);padding-bottom:var(--pointer-height)}.mwe-popups:not(.flipped-y):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-container{margin-top:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1);padding-top:var(--pointer-height)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-discreet{margin-top:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1)}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-y .mwe-popups-discreet,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-discreet{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{--x1:0;--x2:var(--pseudo-radius);--x3:calc(var(--pointer-offset) - (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x4:var(--pointer-offset);--x5:calc(var(--pointer-offset) + (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x6:calc(100% - var(--pseudo-radius));--x7:100%;--y1:0;--y2:var(--pointer-height);--y3:calc(var(--pointer-height) + var(--pseudo-radius));--y4:calc(100% - var(--pseudo-radius));--y5:100%;padding-top:0;display:flex;background:#fff;--pseudo-radius:2px;--pointer-height:8px;--pointer-width:16px;--pointer-offset:26px;clip-path:polygon(var(--x2) var(--y2),var(--x3) var(--y2),var(--x4) var(--y1),var(--x5) var(--y2),var(--x6) var(--y2),var(--x7) var(--y3),var(--x7) var(--y4),var(--x6) var(--y5),var(--x2) var(--y5),var(--x1) var(--y4),var(--x1) var(--y3))}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{flex-direction:row}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-discreet{order:1}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-discreet .mwe-popups-thumbnail{width:203px;box-sizing:border-box;height:250px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-thumbnail{width:320px;height:192px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-container{flex-direction:column}.mwe-popups::before{display:none}.mwe-popups::after{display:none}body.ltr .mwe-popups.flipped-x .mwe-popups-container,body.ltr .mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container,body.rtl .mwe-popups:not(.flipped-x):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-container{--x3:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset) - (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x4:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset));--x5:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset) + (var(--pointer-width) / 2))}}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;margin-bottom:12px}.mwe-popups-type-generic.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{font-weight:normal;margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title .popups-icon,.mwe-popups .mw-parser-output .popups-icon{margin:0 8px 0 0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link:hover,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link:hover{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}.popups-icon{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}.popups-icon--size-small{min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1em;height:1em}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--size-small{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1em,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--size-small{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1em,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1em,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}.mwe-popups-overlay .cdx-button.cdx-button--icon-only span + span,.mwe-popups .cdx-button.cdx-button--icon-only span + span{display:block;position:absolute !important; clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}</style><style>
.popups-icon--reference-generic{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-generic{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-generic{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-generic{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--reference-generic,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--reference-generic,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--reference-generic{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-generic{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--reference-book{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-book{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-book{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-book{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M15 2a7.65 7.65 0 00-5 2 7.65 7.65 0 00-5-2H1v15h4a7.65 7.65 0 015 2 7.65 7.65 0 015-2h4V2zm2.5 13.5H14a4.38 4.38 0 00-3 1V5s1-1.5 4-1.5h2.5z\"/><path d=\"M9 3.5h2v1H9z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--reference-book,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--reference-book,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--reference-book{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-book{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M15 2a7.65 7.65 0 00-5 2 7.65 7.65 0 00-5-2H1v15h4a7.65 7.65 0 015 2 7.65 7.65 0 015-2h4V2zm2.5 13.5H14a4.38 4.38 0 00-3 1V5s1-1.5 4-1.5h2.5z\"/><path d=\"M9 3.5h2v1H9z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M15 2a7.65 7.65 0 00-5 2 7.65 7.65 0 00-5-2H1v15h4a7.65 7.65 0 015 2 7.65 7.65 0 015-2h4V2zm2.5 13.5H14a4.38 4.38 0 00-3 1V5s1-1.5 4-1.5h2.5z\"/><path d=\"M9 3.5h2v1H9z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--reference-book[dir='rtl'],html[dir='rtl'] .popups-icon--reference-book:not([dir='ltr']){transform:scaleX(-1)}.popups-icon--reference-journal{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-journal{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-journal{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-journal{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 18.5A1.5 1.5 0 003.5 20H5V0H3.5A1.5 1.5 0 002 1.5zM6 0v20h10a2 2 0 002-2V2a2 2 0 00-2-2zm7 8H8V7h5zm3-2H8V5h8z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--reference-journal,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--reference-journal,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--reference-journal{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-journal{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 18.5A1.5 1.5 0 003.5 20H5V0H3.5A1.5 1.5 0 002 1.5zM6 0v20h10a2 2 0 002-2V2a2 2 0 00-2-2zm7 8H8V7h5zm3-2H8V5h8z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 18.5A1.5 1.5 0 003.5 20H5V0H3.5A1.5 1.5 0 002 1.5zM6 0v20h10a2 2 0 002-2V2a2 2 0 00-2-2zm7 8H8V7h5zm3-2H8V5h8z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--reference-journal[dir='rtl'],html[dir='rtl'] .popups-icon--reference-journal:not([dir='ltr']){transform:scaleX(-1)}.popups-icon--reference-news{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-news{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-news{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-news{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M5 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a1 1 0 01-1-1V5h-.5A1.5 1.5 0 000 6.5v10A1.5 1.5 0 001.5 18H18a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm1 2h11v4H6zm0 6h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm7-4h4v5h-4z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--reference-news,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--reference-news,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--reference-news{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-news{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M5 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a1 1 0 01-1-1V5h-.5A1.5 1.5 0 000 6.5v10A1.5 1.5 0 001.5 18H18a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm1 2h11v4H6zm0 6h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm7-4h4v5h-4z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M5 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a1 1 0 01-1-1V5h-.5A1.5 1.5 0 000 6.5v10A1.5 1.5 0 001.5 18H18a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm1 2h11v4H6zm0 6h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm0 2h6v1H6zm7-4h4v5h-4z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--reference-news[dir='rtl'],html[dir='rtl'] .popups-icon--reference-news:not([dir='ltr']){transform:scaleX(-1)}.popups-icon--reference-web{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-web{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-web{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--reference-web{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h16a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 112.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 014 3.5M18 16H2V8h16z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--reference-web,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--reference-web,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--reference-web{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--reference-web{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h16a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 112.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 014 3.5M18 16H2V8h16z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h16a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm2 1.5A1.5 1.5 0 112.5 5 1.5 1.5 0 014 3.5M18 16H2V8h16z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--reference-web[dir='rtl'],html[dir='rtl'] .popups-icon--reference-web:not([dir='ltr']){transform:scaleX(-1)}.popups-icon--preview-disambiguation{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25em;height:1.25em;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--preview-disambiguation{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--preview-disambiguation{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25em,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--preview-disambiguation{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M7 0a2 2 0 00-2 2h9a2 2 0 012 2v12a2 2 0 002-2V2a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/><path d=\"M13 20a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2H4a2 2 0 00-2 2v13a2 2 0 002 2zM9 5h4v5H9zM4 5h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(0);opacity:0.87}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--preview-disambiguation,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--preview-disambiguation,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--preview-disambiguation{filter:invert(1)}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--preview-disambiguation{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M7 0a2 2 0 00-2 2h9a2 2 0 012 2v12a2 2 0 002-2V2a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/><path d=\"M13 20a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2H4a2 2 0 00-2 2v13a2 2 0 002 2zM9 5h4v5H9zM4 5h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M7 0a2 2 0 00-2 2h9a2 2 0 012 2v12a2 2 0 002-2V2a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/><path d=\"M13 20a2 2 0 002-2V5a2 2 0 00-2-2H4a2 2 0 00-2 2v13a2 2 0 002 2zM9 5h4v5H9zM4 5h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h4v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4zm0 2h9v1H4z\"/></svg>");background-color:#202122}}.popups-icon--preview-disambiguation[dir='rtl'],html[dir='rtl'] .popups-icon--preview-disambiguation:not([dir='ltr']){transform:scaleX(-1)}#mw-content-text .reference a[href*='#'] *{pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-title .popups-icon--reference-note{display:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-extract{margin-right:0;max-height:inherit}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-extract .mwe-popups-scroll{max-height:343px;overflow:auto;padding-right:16px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-extract .mw-parser-output{overflow-wrap:break-word}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-extract::after{display:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-extract .mwe-popups-fade{position:absolute;width:100%;height:20px;background-color:transparent;background-image:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff);opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transition:opacity 250ms ease}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-extract.mwe-popups-fade-out .mwe-popups-fade{opacity:1}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-reference .mwe-popups-container .mwe-collapsible-placeholder{font-weight:bold;margin:1em 0;position:relative}</style><meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/load(2).php">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/load(3).php">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/load(4).php">
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.42.0-wmf.21">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard">
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg/1200px-CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1600">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg/800px-CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="800">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1067">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg/640px-CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="640">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="853">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=1000">
<meta property="og:title" content="Communications-based train control - Wikipedia">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/">
<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png">
<link rel="icon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico">
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)">
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control">
<link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/">
</head>
<body class="skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Communications-based_train_control rootpage-Communications-based_train_control skin-vector-2022 action-view uls-dialog-sticky-hide"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#bodyContent">Jump to content</a>
<div class="vector-header-container">
<header class="vector-header mw-header">
<div class="vector-header-start">
<nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site" role="navigation">
<div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu">
<label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo">
<img class="mw-logo-icon" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50">
<span class="mw-logo-container">
<img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;">
<img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;">
</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="vector-header-end">
<div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" id="" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span>
<span>Search</span>
</a>
<div class="vector-typeahead-search-container">
<div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width">
<form action="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button">
<div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved">
<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">
<input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" autocomplete="off">
<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">
</div>
<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools" role="navigation">
<div class="vector-user-links-main">
<div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-userpage-2" class="mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Roseteromeo56" class="new" title="Your user page (page does not exist) [alt-shift-.]" accesskey="."><span>Roseteromeo56</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="vector-client-prefs-landmark" aria-label="Appearance">
</nav>
<div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-notifications-alert" class="mw-list-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Notifications" class="mw-echo-notification-badge-nojs cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" data-event-name="ui.notifications" data-counter-num="0" data-counter-text="0" title="Your alerts"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-bell mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-bell"></span>
<span>Alerts (0)</span></a>
</li>
<li id="pt-notifications-notice" class="mw-list-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Notifications" class="mw-echo-notification-badge-nojs cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" data-counter-num="1" data-counter-text="1" title="Your notices"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-tray mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-tray"></span>
<span>Notice (1)</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-watchlist-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Watchlist" title="The list of pages you are monitoring for changes [alt-shift-L]" accesskey="L" class=" cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-watchlist mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-watchlist"></span>
<span>Watchlist</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-in">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools">
<label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAvatar mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAvatar"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-userpage" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Roseteromeo56" title="Your user page (page does not exist) [alt-shift-.]" accesskey="."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAvatar mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAvatar"></span> <span>Roseteromeo56</span></a></li><li id="pt-mytalk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Roseteromeo56" title="Your talk page (page does not exist) [alt-shift-n]" accesskey="n"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userTalk mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userTalk"></span> <span>Talk</span></a></li><li id="pt-sandbox" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Roseteromeo56/sandbox&action=edit&redlink=1&preload=Template%3AUser+sandbox%2Fpreload" title="Your sandbox (page does not exist)"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-sandbox mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-sandbox"></span> <span>Sandbox</span></a></li><li id="pt-preferences" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Your preferences"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-settings mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-settings"></span> <span>Preferences</span></a></li><li id="pt-betafeatures" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures" title="Beta features"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-labFlask mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-labFlask"></span> <span>Beta</span></a></li><li id="pt-watchlist" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Watchlist" title="The list of pages you are monitoring for changes [alt-shift-L]" accesskey="L"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-watchlist mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-watchlist"></span> <span>Watchlist</span></a></li><li id="pt-mycontris" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Roseteromeo56" title="A list of your contributions [alt-shift-y]" accesskey="y"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userContributions mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userContributions"></span> <span>Contributions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-user-menu-logout" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-logout">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="pt-logout" class="mw-list-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogout&returnto=Communications-based+train+control" title="Log out"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logOut mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logOut"></span> <span>Log out</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="vector-sitenotice-container">
<div id="siteNotice"><div id="centralNotice"></div><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
</div>
<div class="vector-column-start">
<div class="vector-main-menu-container">
<div id="mw-navigation">
<nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site" role="navigation">
<div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
<div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" data-saved-pinned-state="true">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button>
</div>
<div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Navigation
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [alt-shift-z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [alt-shift-x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation"><span>Donate</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-main-menu-action vector-main-menu-action-opt-out">
<div class="vector-main-menu-action-item">
<div class="vector-main-menu-action-content vector-menu-content">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Preferences&useskin=vector&wprov=vctw1#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin" title="Change your settings to go back to the old look of the skin (legacy Vector)"><span>Switch to old look</span></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Contribute
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [alt-shift-r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container">
<nav id="mw-panel-toc" role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark">
<div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc">
<h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button>
</div>
<ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list">
<li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-level-1-active vector-toc-list-item-active">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#" class="vector-toc-link">
<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>
</a>
</li>
<li id="toc-Background_and_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Background_and_origin">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>Background and origin</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Background_and_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Main_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Main_features">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Main features</div>
</a>
<button aria-controls="toc-Main_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle" aria-expanded="true">
<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
<span>Toggle Main features subsection</span>
</button>
<ul id="toc-Main_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
<li id="toc-CBTC_and_moving_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#CBTC_and_moving_block">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span>CBTC and moving block</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-CBTC_and_moving_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Grades_of_automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Grades_of_automation">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span>Grades of automation</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Grades_of_automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Main_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Main_applications">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span>Main applications</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Main_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Main_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Main_benefits">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span>Main benefits</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Main_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Risks">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span>Risks</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Architecture">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Architecture</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Projects">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>Projects</div>
</a>
<button aria-controls="toc-Projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle" aria-expanded="true">
<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
<span>Toggle Projects subsection</span>
</button>
<ul id="toc-Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
<li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#List">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span>List</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Notes_and_references">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>Notes and references</div>
</a>
<button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle" aria-expanded="true">
<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
<span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span>
</button>
<ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
<li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Notes">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span>Notes</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#References">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span>References</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
<li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
<a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#Further_reading">
<div class="vector-toc-text">
<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span>Further reading</div>
</a>
<ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<nav role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark">
<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents">
<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communications-based train control</span></h1>
<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang">
<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages">
<label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span>
<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99miryolu_n%C9%99qliyyat%C4%B1nda_idar%C9%99etm%C9%99_sisteml%C9%99ri" title="Dəmiryolu nəqliyyatında idarəetmə sistemləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="যোগাযোগ ভিত্তিক ট্রেন নিয়ন্ত্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_control" title="Communication-based train control – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-Based_Train_Control" title="Communication-Based Train Control – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_CBTC" title="Sistema CBTC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_based_train_control" title="Communication based train control – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBTC" title="CBTC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Kendali_Kereta_Berbasis_Komunikasi" title="Sistem Kendali Kereta Berbasis Komunikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_based_train_control" title="Communication based train control – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-Based_Train_Control" title="Communications-Based Train Control – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBTC" title="CBTC – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controle_de_trens_baseado_em_comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Controle de trens baseado em comunicação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control" title="Communications-based train control – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="通訊式列車控制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1120452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="vector-page-toolbar">
<div class="vector-page-toolbar-container">
<div id="left-navigation">
<nav aria-label="Namespaces">
<div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control" title="View the content page [alt-shift-c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Communications-based_train_control" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [alt-shift-t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-variants" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet">
<input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant">
<label id="p-variants-label" for="p-variants-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible">
<nav aria-label="Views">
<div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views">
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [alt-shift-e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [alt-shift-h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li><li id="ca-watch" class="mw-watchlink mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" data-mw="interface" title="Add this page to your watchlist [alt-shift-w]" accesskey="w" aria-controls="mw-watchlink-notification"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star"></span> <span>Watch</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools">
<div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown">
<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools">
<label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span>
</label>
<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
<div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="vector-column-end">
<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container">
<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools">
<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">
<div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" data-saved-pinned-state="true">
<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button>
<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button>
</div>
<div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Actions
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [alt-shift-e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-watch" class="mw-watchlink vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=watch" data-mw="interface" aria-controls="mw-watchlink-notification"><span>Watch</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
General
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Communications-based_train_control" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [alt-shift-j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Communications-based_train_control" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [alt-shift-k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [alt-shift-u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [alt-shift-q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&oldid=1210662275" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Communications-based_train_control&id=1210662275&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommunications-based_train_control" aria-haspopup="dialog"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommunications-based_train_control"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1120452" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [alt-shift-g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li>
<li class="mw-list-item mw-list-item-js" id="t-collapsible-toggle-all"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#" title="Expand all collapsible elements on the current page" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span>Expand all</span></a></li><li class="mw-list-item mw-list-item-js" id="wbc-editpage"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1120452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links"><span>Edit interlanguage links</span></a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
Print/export
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Communications-based_train_control&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [alt-shift-p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects">
<div class="vector-menu-heading">
In other projects
</div>
<div class="vector-menu-content">
<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
<li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communications-based_train_control" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<nav class="vector-client-prefs-landmark" aria-label="Appearance">
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div class="vector-body-before-content">
<div class="mw-indicators">
</div>
<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
</div>
<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Railway signaling system</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CBTC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBTC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CBTC (disambiguation)">CBTC (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:424px;max-width:424px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An underground station with two tracks in Madrid. A blue and white subway train is entering the station on the left." src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg/225px-CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg/300px-CF650MetroMadrid_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">CBTC deployment in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid Metro</a>, Spain.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Santo_Amaro_Linha_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elevated station in Sao Paolo has a design like a cable-stayed bridge.." src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/Estação_Santo_Amaro_Linha_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Santo_Amaro_Linha_5.jpg/399px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Santo_Amaro_Linha_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Santo_Amaro_Linha_5.jpg/532px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Santo_Amaro_Linha_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Santo Amaro station on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_5_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro)" title="Line 5 (São Paulo Metro)">Line 5</a> of the partially CBTC-enabled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro" title="São Paulo Metro">São Paulo Metro</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some of the top 30 world's busiest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metros</a> in terms of annual passenger rides<sup id="cite_ref-busiest_metros_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-busiest_metros-1">[1]</a></sup> utilise a CBTC system.</div></div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:bold;">Automated track-bound traffic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/ATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ATO.svg/300px-ATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/ATO.svg/400px-ATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="102"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">Automatic train operation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated guideway transit</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_people_mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated people mover">Automated people mover</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBTC" class="mw-redirect" title="CBTC">CBTC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETCS" class="mw-redirect" title="ETCS">ETCS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_train_automation" title="History of train automation">History of train automation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automated_transit_networks_suppliers" title="List of automated transit networks suppliers">Automated transit networks suppliers</a></li></ul>
</div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;">
Lists of automated train systems</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_automated_train_systems" title="List of defunct automated train systems">Defunct systems</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_train_systems" title="List of semi-automatic train systems">GoA2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_driverless_train_systems" title="List of driverless train systems">GoA3+</a></li></ul>
</div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddeeff;">
Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">Unmanned surface vehicle</a></li></ul>
</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Automated_track-bound_traffic" title="Template:Automated track-bound traffic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Automated_track-bound_traffic" title="Template talk:Automated track-bound traffic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automated_track-bound_traffic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automated track-bound traffic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Communications-based train control</b> (<b>CBTC</b>) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway signaling">railway signaling</a> system that uses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> and track equipment for traffic management and infrastructure control. CBTC allows a train's position to be known more accurately than with traditional signaling systems. This makes railway traffic management safer and more efficient. Metros (and other railway systems) are able to reduce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">headways</a> while maintaining or even improving safety.
</p><p>A CBTC system is a "continuous, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_control" title="Automatic train control">automatic train control</a> system utilizing high-resolution train location determination, independent from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Track circuits">track circuits</a>; continuous, high-capacity, bidirectional train-to-wayside data communications; and trainborne and wayside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processors" class="mw-redirect" title="Processors">processors</a> capable of implementing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_protection" title="Automatic train protection">automatic train protection</a> (ATP) functions, as well as optional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">automatic train operation</a> (ATO) and <b>automatic train supervision</b> (<b>ATS</b>) functions," as defined in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> 1474 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE1474_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-IEEE1474-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background_and_origin">Background and origin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Background and origin"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The main objective of CBTC is to increase track <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway#Capacity" title="Headway">capacity</a> by reducing the time interval (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">headway</a>) between trains.
</p><p>Traditional signalling systems detect trains in discrete sections of the track called '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block signal">blocks</a>', each protected by signals that prevent a train entering an occupied block. Since every block is a fixed section of track, these systems are referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling#Fixed_block" title="Railway signalling">fixed block</a> systems.
</p><p>In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_block" title="Moving block">moving block</a> CBTC system the protected section for each train is a "block" that moves with and trails behind it, and provides continuous communication of the train's exact position via radio, inductive loop, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-digitalradio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-digitalradio-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AirTrain_SFO_tracks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/AirTrain_SFO_tracks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/AirTrain_SFO_tracks.jpg/330px-AirTrain_SFO_tracks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/AirTrain_SFO_tracks.jpg/440px-AirTrain_SFO_tracks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"></a><figcaption>The SFO <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTrain_(SFO)" class="mw-redirect" title="AirTrain (SFO)">AirTrain</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Airport">San Francisco Airport</a> was the first radio-based CBTC system.</figcaption></figure>
<p>As a result, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> opened the world's first radio-based CBTC system at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco airport">San Francisco airport</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_people_mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated people mover">automated people mover</a> (APM) in February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-CBTC15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-CBTC15-4">[4]</a></sup> A few months later, in June 2003, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> introduced the railway application of its radio technology on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_MRT_line" title="North East MRT line">Singapore North East line</a>. CBTC has its origins in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Inductive loop">loop-based</a> systems developed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel SEL</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a>) for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Advanced_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit">Bombardier Automated Rapid Transit</a> (ART) systems in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> during the mid-1980s.
</p><p>These systems, which were also referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmission-based_train_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmission-based train control (page does not exist)">transmission-based train control</a> (TBTC), made use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Inductive loop">inductive loop</a> transmission techniques for track to train communication, introducing an alternative to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_circuit" title="Track circuit">track circuit</a> based communication. This technology, operating in the 30–60 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> range to communicate trains and wayside equipment, was widely adopted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> operators in spite of some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">electromagnetic compatibility</a> (EMC) issues, as well as other installation and maintenance concerns (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SelTrac" title="SelTrac">SelTrac</a> for further information regarding Transmission-Based-Train-Control).
</p><p>As with new application of any technology, some problems arose at the beginning mainly due to compatibility and interoperability aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-cbtcprojects_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-cbtcprojects-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radiopdf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-radiopdf-6">[6]</a></sup> However, there have been relevant improvements since then, and currently the reliability of the radio-based communication systems has grown significantly.
</p><p>Moreover, it is important to highlight that not all the systems using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> technology are considered to be CBTC systems. So, for clarity and to keep in line with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-of-the-art" class="mw-redirect" title="State-of-the-art">state-of-the-art</a> solutions for operator's requirements,<sup id="cite_ref-radiopdf_6-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-radiopdf-6">[6]</a></sup> this article only covers the latest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_block" title="Moving block">moving block</a> principle based (either true <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_block" title="Moving block">moving block</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual block (page does not exist)">virtual block</a>, so not dependent on track-based detection of the trains)<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE1474_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-IEEE1474-2">[2]</a></sup> CBTC solutions that make use of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communications">radio communications</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_features">Main features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Main features"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="CBTC_and_moving_block">CBTC and moving block</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: CBTC and moving block"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>CBTC systems are modern railway signaling systems that can mainly be used in urban railway lines (either <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">heavy</a>) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_people_mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated people mover">APMs</a>, although it could also be deployed on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter lines</a>. For <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_line_(railway)" title="Main line (railway)">main lines</a>, a similar system might be the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Railway_Traffic_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Railway Traffic Management System">European Railway Traffic Management System</a> ERTMS Level 3 (not yet fully defined<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>).
In the modern CBTC systems the trains continuously calculate and communicate their status via radio to the wayside equipment distributed along the line. This status includes, among other parameters, the exact position, speed, travel direction and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braking_distance" title="Braking distance">braking distance</a>.
</p><p>This information allows calculation of the area potentially occupied by the train on the track. It also enables the wayside equipment to define the points on the line that must never be passed by the other trains on the same track. These points are communicated to make the trains automatically and continuously adjust their speed while maintaining the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">safety</a> and comfort (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerk_(physics)" title="Jerk (physics)">jerk</a>) requirements. So, the trains continuously receive information regarding the distance to the preceding train and are then able to adjust their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_distance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safety distance (page does not exist)">safety distance</a> accordingly.
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FB_vs_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Source: Bombardier Transportation for Wikimedia Commons" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/FB_vs_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="652" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="251"></a><figcaption>The safety distance (safe-braking distance) between trains in fixed block and moving block signalling systems</figcaption></figure>
<p>From the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">signalling system</a> perspective, the first figure shows the total occupancy of the leading train by including the whole <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block signal">blocks</a> which the train is located on. This is due to the fact that it is impossible for the system to know exactly where the train actually is within these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block signal">blocks</a>. Therefore, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling#Fixed_block" title="Railway signalling">fixed block</a> system only allows the following train to move up to the last unoccupied <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block signal">block</a>'s border.
</p><p>In a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_block" title="Moving block">moving block</a> system as shown in the second figure, the train position and its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braking_curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braking curve (page does not exist)">braking curve</a> is continuously calculated by the trains, and then communicated via radio to the wayside equipment. Thus, the wayside equipment is able to establish protected areas, each one called Limit of Movement Authority (LMA), up to the nearest obstacle (in the figure the tail of the train in front). Movement Authority (MA) is the permission for a train to move to a specific location within the constraints of the infrastructure and with supervision of speed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>End of Authority is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed and where target speed is equal to zero. End of Movement is the location to which the train is permitted to proceed according to an MA. When transmitting an MA, it is the end of the last section given in the MA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>It is important to mention that the occupancy calculated in these systems must include a safety margin for location uncertainty (in yellow in the figure) added to the length of the train. Both of them form what is usually called 'Footprint'. This safety margin depends on the accuracy of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometry" title="Odometry">odometry</a> system in the train.
</p><p>CBTC systems based on moving block allows the reduction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_distance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safety distance (page does not exist)">safety distance</a> between two consecutive trains. This distance is varying according to the continuous updates of the train location and speed, maintaining the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">safety</a> requirements. This results in a reduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">headway</a> between consecutive trains and an increased transport <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway#Capacity" title="Headway">capacity</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Grades_of_automation">Grades of automation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Grades of automation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Modern CBTC systems allow different levels of automation or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grades_of_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grades of Automation">Grades of Automation</a> (GoA), as defined and classified in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 62290–1.<sup id="cite_ref-iec_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-iec-8">[8]</a></sup> In fact, CBTC is not a synonym for "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">driverless</a>" or "automated trains" although it is considered as a basic enabler technology for this purpose.
</p><p>There are four grades of automation available:
</p>
<ul><li>GoA 0 - On-sight, with no automation</li>
<li>GoA 1 - Manual, with a driver controlling all train operations.</li>
<li>GoA 2 - Semi-automatic Operation (STO), starting and stopping are automated, but a driver who sits in the cab operates the doors and drives in emergencies</li>
<li>GoA 3 - Driverless Train Operation (DTO), starting and stopping are automated, but a crew member operates the doors from within the train</li>
<li>GoA 4 - Unattended Train Operation (UTO), starting, stopping and doors are all automated, with no required crew member on board</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_applications">Main applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Main applications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>CBTC systems allow optimal use of the railway infrastructure as well as achieving maximum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway#Capacity" title="Headway">capacity</a> and minimum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">headway</a> between operating trains, while maintaining the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">safety</a> requirements. These systems are suitable for the new highly demanding urban lines, but also to be overlaid on existing lines in order to improve their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-mdm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-mdm-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of course, in the case of upgrading existing lines the design, installation, test and commissioning stages are much more critical. This is mainly due to the challenge of deploying the overlying system without disrupting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-silent_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-silent-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_benefits">Main benefits</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Main benefits"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The evolution of the technology and the experience gained in operation over the last 30 years means that modern CBTC systems are more reliable and less prone to failure than older train control systems. CBTC systems normally have less wayside equipment and their diagnostic and monitoring tools have been improved, which makes them easier to implement and, more importantly, easier to maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-IRSE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-IRSE-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>CBTC technology is evolving, making use of the latest techniques and components to offer more compact systems and simpler architectures. For instance, with the advent of modern electronics it has been possible to build in redundancy so that single failures do not adversely impact operational availability.
</p><p>Moreover, these systems offer complete flexibility in terms of operational schedules or timetables, enabling urban rail operators to respond to the specific traffic demand more swiftly and efficiently and to solve traffic congestion problems. In fact, automatic operation systems have the potential to significantly reduce the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">headway</a> and improve the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway#Capacity" title="Headway">traffic capacity</a> compared to manual driving systems.<sup id="cite_ref-madridorg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-madridorg-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Finally, it is important to mention that the CBTC systems have proven to be more energy efficient than traditional manually driven systems.<sup id="cite_ref-IRSE_11-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-IRSE-11">[11]</a></sup> The use of new functionalities, such as automatic driving strategies or a better adaptation of the transport offer to the actual demand, allows significant energy savings reducing the power consumption.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Risks">Risks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Risks"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The primary risk of an electronic train control system is that if the communications link between any of the trains is disrupted then all or part of the system might have to enter a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failsafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Failsafe">failsafe</a> state until the problem is remedied. Depending on the severity of the communication loss, this state can range from vehicles temporarily reducing speed, coming to a halt or operating in a degraded mode until communications are re-established. If communication outage is permanent some sort of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">contingency operation</a> must be implemented which may consist of manual operation using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute block">absolute block</a> or, in the worst case, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bustitution">substitution of an alternative form of transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>As a result, high availability of CBTC systems is crucial for proper operation, especially if such systems are used to increase transport capacity and reduce headway. System redundancy and recovery mechanisms must then be thoroughly checked to achieve a high robustness in operation.
With the increased availability of the CBTC system, there is also a need for extensive training and periodical refresh of system operators on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_procedure" title="Recovery procedure">recovery procedures</a>. In fact, one of the major system hazards in CBTC systems is the probability of human error and improper application of recovery procedures if the system becomes unavailable.
</p><p>Communications failures can result from equipment malfunction, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, weak signal strength or saturation of the communications medium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> In this case, an interruption can result in a service brake or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_brake_(train)" title="Emergency brake (train)">emergency brake</a> application as real time situational awareness is a critical safety requirement for CBTC and if these interruptions are frequent enough it could seriously impact service. This is the reason why, historically, CBTC systems first implemented radio communication systems in 2003, when the required technology was mature enough for critical applications.
</p><p>In systems with poor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sightline" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightline">line of sight</a> or spectrum/bandwidth limitations a larger than anticipated number of transponders may be required to enhance the service. This is usually more of an issue with applying CBTC to existing transit systems in tunnels that were not designed from the outset to support it. An alternate method to improve system availability in tunnels is the use of leaky feeder cable that, while having higher initial costs (material + installation) achieves a more reliable radio link.
</p><p>With the emerging services over open ISM radio bands (i.e. 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) and the potential disruption over critical CBTC services, there is an increasing pressure in the international community (ref. report 676 of UITP organization, Reservation of a Frequency Spectrum for Critical Safety Applications dedicated to Urban Rail Systems) to reserve a frequency band specifically for radio-based urban rail systems. Such decision would help standardize CBTC systems across the market (a growing demand from most operators) and ensure availability for those critical systems.
</p><p>As a CBTC system is required to have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> and particularly, allow for a graceful degradation, a secondary method of signaling might be provided to ensure some level of non-degraded service upon partial or complete CBTC unavailability.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> This is particularly relevant for brownfield implementations (lines with an already existing signalling system) where the infrastructure design cannot be controlled and coexistence with legacy systems is required, at least, temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-web.archive.org-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>For example, the New York City <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMT_Canarsie_Line" title="BMT Canarsie Line">Canarsie Line</a> was outfitted with a backup <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_block_signaling" title="Automatic block signaling">automatic block signaling</a> system capable of supporting 12 trains per hour (tph), compared with the 26 tph of the CBTC system. Although this is a rather common architecture for resignalling projects, it can negate some of the cost savings of CBTC if applied to new lines. This is still a key point in the CBTC development (and is still being discussed), since some providers and operators argue that a fully redundant architecture of the CBTC system may however achieve high availability values by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-web.archive.org-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>In principle, CBTC systems may be designed with centralized supervision systems in order to improve maintainability and reduce installation costs. If so, there is an increased risk of a single point of failure that could disrupt service over an entire system or line. Fixed block systems usually work with distributed logic that are normally more resistant to such outages. Therefore, a careful analysis of the benefits and risks of a given CBTC architecture (centralized vs. distributed) must be done during system design.
</p><p>When CBTC is applied to systems that previously ran under complete human control with operators working on sight it may actually result in a reduction in capacity (albeit with an increase in safety). This is because CBTC operates with less positional certainty than human sight and also with greater <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margin_of_error" title="Margin of error">margins for error</a> as worst-case train parameters are applied for the design (e.g. guaranteed emergency brake rate vs. nominal brake rate). For instance, CBTC introduction in Philly's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Subway%E2%80%93Surface_Trolley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines">Center City trolley tunnel</a> resulted initially in a marked increase in travel time and corresponding decrease in capacity when compared with the unprotected manual driving. This was the offset to finally eradicate vehicle collisions which on-sight driving cannot avoid and showcases the usual conflicts between operation and safety.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Architecture"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBTC_Arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/CBTC_Arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/CBTC_Arch.jpg/600px-CBTC_Arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/CBTC_Arch.jpg/800px-CBTC_Arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="615"></a><figcaption>The architecture of a CBTC system.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The typical architecture of a modern CBTC system comprises the following main subsystems:
</p>
<ol><li><b>Wayside equipment</b>, which includes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">interlocking</a> and the subsystems controlling every zone in the line or network (typically containing the wayside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Train Protection">ATP</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">ATO</a> functionalities). Depending on the suppliers, the architectures may be centralized or distributed. The control of the system is performed from a central command <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_supervision" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic train supervision">ATS</a>, though local control subsystems may be also included as a fallback.</li>
<li><b>CBTC onboard equipment</b>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Train_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Train Protection">ATP</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_operation" title="Automatic train operation">ATO</a> subsystems in the vehicles.</li>
<li><b>Train to wayside communication subsystem</b>, currently based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio links</a>.</li></ol>
<p>Thus, although a CBTC architecture is always depending on the supplier and its technical approach, the following logical components may be found generally in a typical CBTC architecture:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Onboard ATP system</b>. This subsystem is in charge of the continuous control of the train speed according to the safety profile, and applying the brake if it is necessary. It is also in charge of the communication with the wayside ATP subsystem in order to exchange the information needed for a safe operation (sending speed and braking distance, and receiving the limit of movement authority for a safe operation).</li>
<li><b>Onboard ATO system</b>. It is responsible for the automatic control of the traction and braking effort in order to keep the train under the threshold established by the ATP subsystem. Its main task is either to facilitate the driver or attendant functions, or even to operate the train in a fully automatic mode while maintaining the traffic regulation targets and passenger comfort. It also allows the selection of different automatic driving strategies to adapt the runtime or even reduce the power consumption.</li>
<li><b>Wayside ATP system</b>. This subsystem undertakes the management of all the communications with the trains in its area. Additionally, it calculates the limits of movement authority that every train must respect while operating in the mentioned area. This task is therefore critical for the operation safety.</li>
<li><b>Wayside ATO system</b>. It is in charge of controlling the destination and regulation targets of every train. The wayside ATO functionality provides all the trains in the system with their destination as well as with other data such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_dwell_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal dwell time">dwell time</a> in the stations. Additionally, it may also perform auxiliary and non-safety related tasks including for instance alarm/event communication and management, or handling skip/hold station commands.</li>
<li><b>Communication system</b>. The CBTC systems integrate a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital networked radio</a> system by means of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antennas">antennas</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_feeder" title="Leaky feeder">leaky feeder</a> cable for the bi-directional communication between the track equipment and the trains. The 2,4<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">band</a> is commonly used in these systems (same as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a>), though other alternative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">frequencies</a> such as 900 MHz (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>), 5.8 GHz or other licensed bands may be used as well.</li>
<li><b>ATS system</b>. The ATS system is commonly integrated within most of the CBTC solutions. Its main task is to act as the interface between the operator and the system, managing the traffic according to the specific regulation criteria. Other tasks may include the event and alarm management as well as acting as the interface with external systems.</li>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">Interlocking</a> system</b>. When needed as an independent subsystem (for instance as a fallback system), it will be in charge of the vital control of the trackside objects such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway switch">switches</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">signals</a>, as well as other related functionality. In the case of simpler networks or lines, the functionality of the interlocking may be integrated into the wayside ATP system.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Projects">Projects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Projects"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>CBTC technology has been (and is being) successfully implemented for a variety of applications as shown in the figure below (mid 2011). They range from some implementations with short track, limited numbers of vehicles and few operating modes (such as the airport <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_people_mover" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated people mover">APMs</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTrain_(SFO)" class="mw-redirect" title="AirTrain (SFO)">San Francisco</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroTrain_(IAD)" class="mw-redirect" title="AeroTrain (IAD)">Washington</a>), to complex overlays on existing railway networks carrying more than a million passengers each day and with more than 100 trains (such as lines 1 and 6 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid Metro</a>, line 3 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro" title="Shenzhen Metro">Shenzhen Metro</a>, some lines in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metro">Paris Metro</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">Beijing Subway</a>, or the Sub-Surface network in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SSR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-SSR-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBTC_Map_July2012.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/CBTC_Map_July2012.PNG" decoding="async" width="950" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/CBTC_Map_July2012.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="547"></a><figcaption>Radio-based CBTC moving block projects around the world. Projects are classified with colours depending on the supplier; those underlined are already into CBTC operation.<sup id="cite_ref-collaboration_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications-based_train_control#cite_note-collaboration-19">[note 1]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p><br>
Despite the difficulty, the table below tries to summarize and reference the main radio-based CBTC systems deployed around the world as well as those ongoing projects being developed. Besides, the table distinguishes between the implementations performed over existing and operative systems (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield_(software_development)" title="Brownfield (software development)">brownfield</a>) and those undertaken on completely new lines (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_project" title="Greenfield project">Greenfield</a>).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="List">List</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications-based_train_control&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: List"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290"></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This list is sortable, and is initially sorted by year. Click on the <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sort_both.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/Sort_both.gif" decoding="async" width="21" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="9"></a></span> icon on the right side of the column header to change sort key and sort order.</span>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<thead><tr>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Location/System
</th>
<th scope="col" class="unsortable">Lines
</th>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Supplier
</th>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Solution
</th>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Commissioning
</th>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">km
</th>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">No. of trains
</th>
<th scope="col" class="unsortable">Type of Field
</th>
<th scope="col" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_of_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade of Automation">Grade of Automation</a>
</th>
<th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes
</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Subway">Toronto Subway</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_3_Scarborough" title="Line 3 Scarborough">3</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SelTrac" title="SelTrac">SelTrac</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1985</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">6.4</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">7</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>With train attendants who monitor door status, and drive trains in the event of a disruption.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain (Vancouver)</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_Line_(TransLink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo Line (TransLink)">Expo Line</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Line" title="Millennium Line">Millennium Line</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Line" title="Canada Line">Canada Line</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SelTrac" title="SelTrac">SelTrac</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1986</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">85.4</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_People_Mover" title="Detroit People Mover">Detroit People Mover</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td>SelTrac</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1987</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4.7</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">12</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td>SelTrac</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1987</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">38</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">149</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>DTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco Airport</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirTrain_(San_Francisco_International_Airport)" title="AirTrain (San Francisco International Airport)">AirTrain</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bombardier</div></td>
<td><i>CITYFLO</i> 650</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2003</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">38</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle-Tacoma_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle-Tacoma International Airport">Seattle-Tacoma Airport</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Transit_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Transit System">Satellite Transit System</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bombardier</div></td>
<td><i>CITYFLO</i> 650</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2003</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">3</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">22</div></td>
<td>Brownfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Singapore MRT</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_MRT_line" title="North East MRT line">North East line</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Alstom</div></td>
<td>Urbalis 300</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2003</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">43</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>with train attendants (Train captains) who drive trains in the event of a disruption.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Hong Kong MTR</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen_Ma_line" title="Tuen Ma line">Tuen Ma line</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td>SelTrac</td>
<td>2020 (Tuen Ma Line Phase 1)
<p>2021 (Tuen Ma Line and former West Rail Line)
</p>
</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">57</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">65</div></td>
<td>Greenfield (Tai Wai to Hung Hom section only)
<p>Brownfield (other sections)
</p>
</td>
<td>STO</td>
<td>Existing sections were upgraded from SelTrac IS
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Monorail" title="Las Vegas Monorail">Monorail</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td>SelTrac</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2004</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">6</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">36</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Metro" title="Wuhan Metro">Wuhan Metro</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1,_Wuhan_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 1, Wuhan Metro">1</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td>SelTrac</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2004</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">27</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">32</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>STO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas–Fort Worth Airport</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFW_Skylink" title="DFW Skylink">DFW Skylink</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bombardier</div></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityflo_650_CBTC" title="Cityflo 650 CBTC"><i>CITYFLO</i> 650</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2005</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">10</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">64</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR" title="MTR">Hong Kong MTR</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_Resort_line" title="Disneyland Resort line">Disneyland Resort line</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thales</div></td>
<td>SelTrac</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2005</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">3</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">3</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Metro">Lausanne Metro</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_M%C3%A9tro_line_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Métro line 2">M2</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Alstom</div></td>
<td>Urbalis 300</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2008</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">6</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">18</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5#Satellite_terminal_buildings" title="Heathrow Terminal 5">Heathrow APM</a></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bombardier</div></td>
<td><i>CITYFLO</i> 650</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2008</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">9</div></td>
<td>Greenfield</td>
<td>UTO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro">Madrid Metro</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Metro" title="Madrid Metro"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/MetroMadridLogoSimplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MetroMadridLogoSimplified.svg/23px-MetroMadridLogoSimplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MetroMadridLogoSimplified.svg/30px-MetroMadridLogoSimplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></a></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Madrid_Metro)" title="Line 1 (Madrid Metro)"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/Madrid-MetroLinea1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Madrid-MetroLinea1.svg/21px-Madrid-MetroLinea1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Madrid-MetroLinea1.svg/28px-Madrid-MetroLinea1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="475"></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_6_(Madrid_Metro)" title="Line 6 (Madrid Metro)"><img src="./Communications-based train control - Wikipedia_files/Madrid-MetroLinea6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Madrid-MetroLinea6.svg/21px-Madrid-MetroLinea6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Madrid-MetroLinea6.svg/28px-Madrid-MetroLinea6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="475"></a></span></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bombardier</div></td>
<td><i>CITYFLO</i> 650</td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2008</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">48</div></td>
<td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">143</div></td>
<td>Brownfield</td>
<td>STO</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarran International Airport">McCarran Airport</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport_Automated_People_Movers" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarran International Airport Automated People Movers">McCarran Airport APM</a></td>