ES138-Graph-Data (2).json

{
    "nodes": [
        {
            "id": "0",
            "title": "ES138",
            "group": 0,
            "label": "E138",
            "type": "central"
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_1",
            "title": "Shape Grammars",
            "label": "Shape Grammars",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_2",
            "title": "Mathematics",
            "label": "Mathematics",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_3",
            "title": "Computer Science",
            "label": "Computer Science",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_4",
            "title": "Architecture",
            "label": "Architecture",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_5",
            "title": "Literature",
            "label": "Literature",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_6",
            "title": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "label": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_7",
            "title": "Cognitive Science",
            "label": "Cognitive Science",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_8",
            "title": "Aesthetics",
            "label": "Aesthetics",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_9",
            "title": "Design & Engineering",
            "label": "Design & Engineering",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "cat_10",
            "title": "Social Science & Technology",
            "label": "Social Science & Technology",
            "group": 1
        },
        {
            "id": "1",
            "title": "Shape: Talking about Seeing and Doing (2006)",
            "label": "Shape: Talking about Seeing and Doing",
            "author": "George Stiny",
            "year": 2006,
            "class": "Shape Grammars",
            "synopsis": "A monograph on the subject of shape grammars. The book is dedicated to showing how visual calculating in shape grammars includes symbolic calculating in classical computing machines and how in this way it broadens calculating to include art and design.",
            "cover": "covers/1.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "2",
            "title": "The Sciences of the Artificial. 3rd Edition (1996)",
            "label": "The Sciences of the Artificial",
            "author": "Herbert A. Simon",
            "year": 1996,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "A seminal book on design and artificial intelligence. Among other important ideas, it includes Simon's educational programme, 'The Science of Design,' aimed at incorporating problem-solving tools from artificial intelligence as aids to the design process.",
            "cover": "covers/2.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "3",
            "title": "Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines (1967)",
            "label": "Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines",
            "author": "Marvin L. Minsky",
            "year": 1967,
            "class": "Computer Science",
            "synopsis": "One of the best early books on abstract models of computation, based on lecture notes from classes taught by Minsky at MIT. One of the interesting aspects of the book is the in-depth discussion of how different models of computation are connected, such as the relation of finite automata to neural networks, of Turing machines to recursive functions, of digital computers to register machines.",
            "cover": "covers/3.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "4",
            "title": "A History of Modern Computing, 2nd Edition (1998)",
            "label": "A History of Modern Computing",
            "author": "Paul E. Ceruzzi",
            "year": 1998,
            "class": "Social Science",
            "synopsis": "A great book on the history of digital computers. Extensive analyses of the different developments in hardware and software from the 1940s to early 2000s, providing insight into the corporate, cultural, and social environment surrounding them.",
            "cover": "covers/4.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "5",
            "title": "Structural Information Theory: the simplicity of visual form (2012)",
            "label": "Structural Information Theory",
            "author": "Emanuel L. J. Leeuwenberg and Peter A. van der Helm",
            "year": 2012,
            "class": "Cognitive Science",
            "synopsis": "This book covers in a comprehensive way 'structural information theory', a theory about the way the human visual system organizes a raw visual stimulus into objects and object parts. The focus is on representations of the higher-level outcomes of the perceptual process as opposed to process mechanisms at a lower neuro-cognitive level.",
            "cover": "covers/5.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "6",
            "title": "Linear Algebra and Learning from Data (2019)",
            "label": "Linear Algebra and Learning from Data",
            "author": "Gilbert Strang",
            "year": 2019,
            "class": "Mathematics",
            "synopsis": "A textbook that aims to\nexplain the mathematics\non which data science\ndepends: linear algebra,\noptimization, probability\nand statistics. All these\ntopics are necessary to\nunderstand the\narchitecture and mode\nof operation of neural\nnetwork technology.",
            "cover": "covers/6.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "7",
            "title": "Aesthetic Measure (1933)",
            "label": "Aesthetic Measure",
            "author": "George David Birkhoff",
            "year": 1933,
            "class": "Aesthetics",
            "synopsis": "This classic book\ndevelops a systematic\napproach to measuring\nthe aesthetic value of\nparticular classes of\naesthetic objects, (e.g.,\npolygonal forms,\nornaments, tilings).\nImportant aesthetic",
            "cover": "covers/7.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "8",
            "title": "Transformations in\nDesign: A Formal\nApproach to\nStylistic Change\nand Innovation in\nthe Visual Arts (1994)",
            "label": "Transformations in Design",
            "author": "Terry Knight",
            "year": 1994,
            "class": "Shape Grammars",
            "synopsis": " A great book that uses\nshape grammars as the\nunderlying model of\ncomputation for\nTeaching and Design\nImportant aesthetic\nissues are discussed,\nsuch as the \"unity\" and\n\"variety\" of formal\nelements.\ninvestigating style and\nstylistic change in art\nand architecture. ",
            "cover": "covers/8.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "9",
            "title": "Introduction to the\nTheory of\nComputation, 3rd Edition (2012)",
            "label": "Introduction to the Theory of Computation",
            "author": "Michael Sipser",
            "year": 2012,
            "class": "Computer Science",
            "synopsis": "A well-written modern\ntextbook in theoretical\ncomputer science,\nfocusing on three\ntraditionally central\nareas: automata,\ncomputability, and time\nor space complexity. It\nexplains the\nfundamental capabilities\nand limitations of\ncomputers from a\nmathematical\nperspective.",
            "cover": "covers/9.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "10",
            "title": "Architectural\nGeometry (2007)",
            "label": "Architectula Geometry",
            "author": "Helmut Pottmann,\nAndreas Asperl, Michael\nHofer, and Axel Kilian",
            "year": 2007,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "A textbook for students\nin architecture or\nengineering design\ncovering curves and\nsurfaces, di!erential\ngeometry, kinematic\ngeometry, mesh\nprocessing, and\noptimization of shapes.",
            "cover": "covers/10.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "11",
            "title": "Formal Engineering\nDesign Synthesis (2001)",
            "label": "Formal Engineering Design Synthesis",
            "author": "Erik K. Antonsson and Jonathan Cagan (Editors)",
            "year": 2001,
            "class": "Engineering",
            "synopsis": "This book contains a\nseries of late 1990s\npapers on formal\ncomputational methods\nfor engineering design\nsynthesis, written by a\nnumber of well known\nresearchers in the area.",
            "cover": "covers/11.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "12",
            "title": "Logicomix: an Epic Search for Truth (2008)",
            "label": "Logicomix",
            "author": "Apostolos Doxiadis",
            "year": 2008,
            "class": "Literature",
            "synopsis": "This book is a graphic novel that follows mathematician Bertrand Russell's quest for truth. The story, presented as a lecture about Russell's life, intertwines personal struggles, historical events, and mathematical concepts in a captivating exploration of the pursuit of logical certainty.",
            "cover": "covers/12.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "13",
            "title": "Coleridge on\nImagination (1960)",
            "label": "Coleridge on Imagination",
            "author": "I.A. Richards",
            "year": 1960,
            "class": "Literature",
            "synopsis": "A book on literary\ncriticism and aesthetic\ntheory which, among\nother great things, it\ncontains one of the best\nanalysis of Coleridge's\ndistinction between\n\"fancy\" and\n\"imagination\".",
            "cover": "covers/13.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "14",
            "title": "The Four Pillars of Geometry (2005)",
            "label": "The Four Pillars of Geometry",
            "author": "John Stillwell",
            "year": 2005,
            "class": "Mathematics",
            "synopsis": "An introductory\ntextbook in geometry\nthat aims to show how\nthe subject can be\ndeveloped in four\nfundamentally different\nways: Euclid-style\nconstructions, linear\nalgebra, projective\ngeometry, and\ntransformation groups.",
            "cover": "covers/14.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "15",
            "title": "Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications, 6th Edition (2004)",
            "label": "Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications",
            "author": "John R. Anderson",
            "year": 2004,
            "class": "Cognitive Science",
            "synopsis": "This book explores key cognitive processes and their real-world applications. It provides concise insights into memory, problem-solving, and decision-making, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals in various fields.",
            "cover": "covers/15.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "16",
            "title": "Part & Whole",
            "label": "Part & Whole",
            "author": "J. Koenderink",
            "year": "N/A",
            "class": "Aesthetics",
            "synopsis": "This book examines how individual components shape our perception of the whole and vice versa. It explores this relationship across disciplines, challenging conventional ideas and emphasizing its profound impact on our understanding of the world.",
            "cover": "covers/16.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "17",
            "title": "The Design of Everyday Things (1988)",
            "label": "Design of Everyday Things",
            "author": "Donald A. Norman",
            "year": 1988,
            "class": "Design",
            "synopsis": "This book highlights user-centered design principles for creating intuitive and user-friendly products. With real-world examples, he emphasizes the significance of thoughtful design in enhancing user experience and usability.",
            "cover": "covers/17.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "18",
            "title": "Aesthetics of the Familiar: Everyday Life and World-Making (2017)",
            "label": "Aesthetics of the Familiar",
            "author": "Yuriko Saito",
            "year": 2017,
            "class": "Aesthetics",
            "synopsis": "This book redefines aesthetics,emphasizing the beauty within everyday life. The book encourages readers to see the profound aesthetic value in ordinary elements, advocating for a broader perspective on what constitutes the richness of our daily experiences.",
            "cover": "covers/18.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "19",
            "title": "Beyond Price: Value in Culture, Economics, and the\nArts. (2008)",
            "label": "Beyond Price",
            "author": "Michael Hutter and David Throsby",
            "year": 2008,
            "class": "Aesthetics",
            "synopsis": "This book explores the multifaceted nature of value in culture and the arts, challenging the notion that value is solely economic. The authors highlight the interplay between intrinsic, social, and symbolic values in cultural goods, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and preserving cultural richness beyond monetary considerations.",
            "cover": "covers/19.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "20",
            "title": "What Makes Things (2017)",
            "label": "What Makes Things",
            "author": "Derek Thompson",
            "year": 2017,
            "class": "Design",
            "synopsis": "This book decodes the psychology behind successful ideas and trends, unraveling the factors that transform the ordinary into the extraordinary in our interconnected world.",
            "cover": "covers/20.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "21",
            "title": "On Painting and Sculpture (1972)",
            "label": "On Painting and Sculpture",
            "author": "Leon B. Alberti",
            "year": 1972,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This book shapes Renaissance art by emphasizing the fusion of creativity and geometry, introducing istoria for narrative depth. The treatise underscores the artist's dual role as both a creative talent and skilled craftsman",
            "cover": "covers/21.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "22",
            "title": "Ugliness and Judgment: On Architecture in the Public Eye (2019)",
            "label": "Ugliness and Judgment",
            "author": "Timothy Hyde",
            "year": 2019,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This book redefines architectural beauty, examining its impact on public perception. Through historical and modern examples, Hyde challenges preconceptions, prompting readers to reflect on the subjective nature of architectural aesthetics and the societal influences shaping our urban spaces.",
            "cover": "covers/22.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "23",
            "title": "A Philosopher Looks at Architecture (2021)",
            "label": "A Philosopher Looks at Architecture",
            "author": "Paul Guyer",
            "year": 2021,
            "class": "Aesthetics",
            "synopsis":"This book examines how philosophy influences our perception of built environments, encouraging readers to reconsider the deep connections between philosophy and contemporary architectural thinking.",
            "cover": "covers/23.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "24",
            "title": "Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and\nDesign in the Arts (1978)",
            "label": "Algorithmic Aesthetics",
            "author": "George Stiny and James Gips",
            "year": 1978,
            "class": "Shape Grammars",
            "synopsis": "This book introduces a groundbreaking perspective on art, treating designs as algorithms. The book advocates for merging computational thinking with artistic creativity, revolutionizing the relationship between technology and art.",
            "cover": "covers/24.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "25",
            "title": "Shape of Imagination: Calculating in Coleridge\u2019s Magical Realm (2022)",
            "label": "Shapes of Imagination",
            "author": "George Stiny",
            "year": 2022,
            "class": "Shape Grammars",
            "synopsis": "This book probes the synergy between imagination and calculation in Coleridge's literary realm. The book unravels how Coleridge fuses poetic creativity with mathematical processes, offering a unique perspective on the interplay between art and science during the Romantic era.",
            "cover": "covers/25.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "26",
            "title": "Classical and Non-Classical Computation (1976)",
            "label": "Classical and Non-Classical Computation",
            "author": "Terry Knight and George Stiny",
            "year": 1976,
            "class": "Shape Grammars",
            "synopsis": "This book explores conventional and innovative computational models. The authors challenge traditional perspectives, highlighting non-classical approaches and encouraging a broader understanding of computation beyond established norms.",
            "cover": "covers/26.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "27",
            "title": "Kindergarten Grammars: Designing with Froebel's Building Gifts (2017)",
            "label": "Kindergarten Grammars",
            "author": "George Stiny",
            "year": 2017,
            "class": "Shape Grammars",
            "synopsis": "This book explores the application of Friedrich Froebel's building gifts in design. Stiny draws connections between Froebel's educational philosophy and contemporary design principles, emphasizing the importance of play and exploration in shaping creative thinking.",
            "cover": "covers/27.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "28",
            "title": "The Logic of Architecture: Design, Computation, and Cognition (1990)",
            "label": "The Logic of Architecture",
            "author": "William J. Mitchell",
            "year": 1990,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This book explores the integration of computation and cognition in design. It emphasizes the transformative role of technology, particularly computer-aided design, in shaping and augmenting architectural creativity.",
            "cover": "covers/28.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "29",
            "title": "Mathematics and Architecture Since 1960 (2002)",
            "label": "Mathematics and Architecture Since 1960",
            "author": "Lionel March",
            "year": 2002,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This book examines the profound influence of mathematical principles and computational tools on architectural design during this period. Through case studies, it highlights the dynamic interplay between mathematics and architecture, revealing transformative impacts on aesthetics, form, and structure.",
            "cover": "covers/29.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "30",
            "title": "Structure in Drawings and the Hidden-Surface Problem. (1973)",
            "label": "Structure in Drawings",
            "author": "Ivan Sutherland",
            "year": 1973,
            "class": "Computer Science",
            "synopsis": "This book introduces a hierarchical approach to represent 3D objects and innovative algorithms to tackle the hidden-surface problem in computer graphics. This significantly influences the field, shaping how virtual environments are constructed and viewed.",
            "cover": "covers/30.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "31",
            "title": "Computing Machinery and Intelligence. (1950)",
            "label": "Computing Machinery and Intelligence",
            "author": "Alan M. Turing",
            "year": 1950,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis":"This introduces the Turing Test, a pivotal concept in artificial intelligence. Turing explores whether machines can display human-like intelligence, presenting a thought experiment involving a judge interacting with a hidden computer and a human. The paper remains influential, sparking ongoing debates on machine intelligence and its implications for our understanding of human cognition.",
            "cover": "covers/31.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "32",
            "title": "Problem-Solving Machines (1950)",
            "label": "Problem-Solving Machines",
            "author": "Allan Newell and Herbert Simon",
            "year": 1950,
            "class": "Computer Science",
            "synopsis": "This book lays the groundwork for artificial intelligence, proposing the concept of universal problem-solving machines. This influential work shapes the trajectory of AI development by advocating for computer programs that emulate human problem-solving processes.",
            "cover": "covers/32.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "33",
            "title": "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and\nSearch. (1976)",
            "label": "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry",
            "author": "Allan Newell and Herbert Simon",
            "year": 1976,
            "class": "Computer Science",
            "synopsis": "This influential work, often referred to as the \"Symbols and Search\" paper, is not a book but rather a significant contribution to the literature on artificial intelligence and computer science. In it, Newell and Simon articulate a comprehensive framework for understanding computer science as a field of empirical inquiry, focusing on the role of symbols in computation and the processes of search and problem-solving.",
            "cover": "covers/33.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "34",
            "title": "Steps Towards Artificial Intelligence (1960)",
            "label": "Steps Towards Artificial Intelligence",
            "author": "Marvin Minsky",
            "year": 1960,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "This paper is considered one of the foundational works in the field of artificial intelligence. In it, Minsky discusses various problems that AI needs to solve to advance, including learning, problem-solving, and the representation of knowledge. He also outlines a vision for future research directions in AI, many of which have guided the development of the field. ",
            "cover": "covers/34.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "35",
            "title": "Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach, 4th Edition (2020)",
            "label": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "author": "Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig,",
            "year": 2020,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "This book is widely regarded as the leading textbook in the field of artificial intelligence. The 4th edition updates the comprehensive and authoritative content from previous editions, incorporating the latest developments and research in AI. Covering a broad range of AI topics, the book provides in-depth information on problem-solving, knowledge representation, planning, machine learning, natural language processing, robotics, and much more, making it an essential resource for students, researchers, and practitioners in artificial intelligence and related fields.",
            "cover": "covers/35.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "36",
            "title": "Necessary Conditions of Learning (2014)",
            "label": "Necessary Conditions of Learning",
            "author": "Ference Marton",
            "year": 2014,
            "class": "Cognitive Science",
            "synopsis": "This book presents a comprehensive overview of the theory of learning from a phenomenographic perspective, which Marton himself significantly contributed to developing. The book discusses the conditions that are necessary for learning to occur, emphasizing the importance of how different people perceive and understand various phenomena and concepts. Marton's work is crucial in the field of educational psychology and pedagogy, offering insights into how educators can design more effective teaching strategies that cater to the diverse ways students experience and make sense of the world around them.",
            "cover": "covers/36.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "37",
            "title": "The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War\nAmerica (1996)",
            "label": "The Closed World",
            "author": "Paul N. Edwards",
            "year": 1996,
            "class": "Social Science",
            "synopsis": "This book explores the relationship between the development of computing technology and the political and military strategies of the Cold War era in the United States. Edwards examines how computers became symbolic and practical tools within the national security state, influencing both the conduct of the Cold War and the broader cultural understanding of computing in society. Through a detailed historical analysis, the book reveals how the ideologies of the Cold War were embedded in the development of computing and how these technologies, in turn, shaped political discourse and thought during this period.",
            "cover": "covers/37.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "38",
            "title": "The End of Programming (2023)",
            "label": "The End of Programming",
            "author": "Matt Welsh",
            "year": 2023,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "This explores the evolving landscape of coding, highlighting how automation, AI, and low-code platforms are reshaping the role of programmers. He envisions a future where programming becomes more abstract and accessible, transforming the nature of work in the digital age.",
            "cover": "covers/38.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "39",
            "title": "Deep Learning (2016)",
            "label": "Deep Learning",
            "author": "Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville",
            "year": 2016,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "This is a  fundamental guide by Goodfellow, Bengio, and Courville, offering a concise overview of neural networks and their applications, suitable for both beginners and experts in the field.",
            "cover": "covers/39.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "40",
            "title": "What is ChatGPT Doing... and Why Does It Work? (2023)",
            "label": "What is ChatGPT Doing?",
            "author": "Stephen Wolfram",
            "year": 2023,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis":"In this short book, prominent scientist and computation pioneer Stephen Wolfram provides a readable and engaging explanation that draws on his decades-long unique experience at the frontiers of science and technology. Find out how the success of ChatGPT brings together the latest neural net technology with foundational questions about language and human thought posed by Aristotle more than two thousand years ago.",
            "cover": "covers/40.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "41",
            "title": "Engineering Knowledge: The Construction of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence (1993)",
            "label": "Construction of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence",
            "author": "Diana E. Forsythe",
            "year": 1993,
            "class": "Social Science",
            "synopsis": "This book delves into the interplay between engineering practices and cultural influences in shaping AI knowledge, offering concise insights into the dynamic relationship between technical expertise and societal factors in the field of artificial intelligence.",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "42",
            "title": "Architectural Intelligence: How Designers and Architects Created the\nDigital Landscape (2017)",
            "label": "Architectural Intelligence",
            "author": "Molly Wright Steenson",
            "year": 2017,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This explores the symbiotic relationship between architecture and technology, tracing the evolution of digital design and its impact on our modern digital landscape.",
            "cover": "covers/42.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "43",
            "title": "Machine Learning: Architecture in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (2022)",
            "label": "Architecture in the Age of AI",
            "author": "Phil Bernstein",
            "year": 2022,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This explores how AI is revolutionizing architecture, blending human creativity with computational capabilities for innovative design solutions.",
            "cover": "covers/43.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "44",
            "title": "The Age of AI: And Our Human Future (2021)",
            "label": "The Age of AI",
            "author": "Henry Kissinger, Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher",
            "year": 2021,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "In The Age of AI, three leading thinkers have come together to consider how AI will change our relationships with knowledge, politics, and the societies in which we live. ",
            "cover": "covers/44.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "45",
            "title": "Builders of the Vision: Software and the imagination of Design (2015)",
            "label": "Builders of the Vision",
            "author": "Daniel Cardoso Llach",
            "year": 2015,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "A history of Computer-\nAided Design and Numerical Control since\nthe years following WWII\nuntil today, with original\narchival work on\nresearch on CAD\ndeveloped at MIT\nbetween 1949 and 1970.",
            "cover": "covers/45.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "46",
            "title": "Architectural\nMorphology: Introduction to the Geometry of Building Plans (1983)",
            "label": "Architectural Morphology",
            "author": "Philip Steadman",
            "year": 1983,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This book is about a\nresearch area called\n\"configurational studies\"\nof architectural form. It\nis mainly concerned with\nthe possibility of using\nfinite combinatorial\ngeometry to describe\nand enumerate possible\nforms which buildings\nand their plans may\ntake.",
            "cover": "covers/46.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "47",
            "title": "Building Types and Built Forms (2014)",
            "label": "Building Types and Built Forms",
            "author": "Philip Steadman",
            "year": 2014,
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "This book offers an analysis of the relationships between building types (categories of buildings defined by their uses and functions) and their built forms (the physical shapes and structures of those buildings). Steadman combines theoretical discussions with practical analyses, providing insights into the evolution and variation of building forms over time.",
            "cover": "covers/47.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "48",
            "title": "The Society of Mind (1986)",
            "label": "The Society of Mind",
            "author": "Marvin Minsky",
            "year": 1986,
            "class": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "synopsis": "This book is about answering the question \"How Does the Mind Work?\". Minsky portrays the mind as a \"society\" of tiny interacting components that are themselves mindless. ",
            "cover": "covers/48.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "49",
            "title":"Thoery and Design in the First Machine Age",
            "label": "Design in the First Machine Age",
            "author": "Reyner Banham",
            "year": "1960",
            "class": "Design",
            "synopsis": "Focusing on the modernist movement, this book explores how industrialization influenced architects like Le Corbusier, Gropius, and van der Rohe. It delves into the interplay between technological advancements and design theory, highlighting the era's innovative approaches to integrating mechanization into architecture and design. It is one of the well-known books on what is known as rationalism.",
            "cover": "covers/49.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },        
        {
            "id": "50",
            "title": "The Alphabet and the Algorithm",
            "label": "Alphabet and the Algorithm",
            "author": "Mario Carpo",
            "year": "2011",
            "class": "Architechture",
            "synopsis":"Examines the impact of digital technology on architectural design. Carpo explores the transition from a culture based on the written word (the alphabet) to one influenced by numerical computation (the algorithm). The book discusses how digital tools and algorithms have transformed the architectural design process, challenging traditional modes of representation and conception. Carpo explores the implications of this shift in the context of architecture and design history, offering insights into the evolving relationship between technology and the built environment.",
            "cover": "covers/50.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },  
        {
            "id": "51",
            "title": "Notes on the Synthesis of Form",
            "label": "Notes on the Synthesis of Form",
            "author": "Christopher Alexander",
            "year": "1964",
            "class": "Architechture",
            "synopsis":"One of the first theoretical books on architecture that employs mathematics for the description of functions satisfying specific human needs. The mathematics are based mainly on set theory and are fully developed in a long appendix. Another appendix demonstrates the application of the method to the design of an Indian village. In this book, Alexander makes an important distinction between traditional un-self-conscious cultures and our own self-conscious culture of professionally or academically educated designers.",
            "cover": "covers/51.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "52",
            "title": "Design by Optimization in Architecture, Building, and Construction",
            "label": "Design by Optimization",
            "author": "Antony D. Radford and John S. Gero",
            "year": "1988",
            "class": "Architecture",
            "synopsis": "A comprehensive exploration of applying optimization techniques in architectural design. The book covers fundamental optimization concepts, such as the notion of a design space and its exploration, and includes practical applications in architectural projects, and case studies. An important resource for anyone that wishes to delve deeper into the relationship of design and mathematical optimization.",
            "cover": "covers/52.jpg",
            "group": 2
        },    
        {
            "id": "53",
            "title": "The Geometry of Environment: An Introduction to Spatial Organization in Design",
            "label": "The Geometry of Environment",
            "author": "Lionel March and Philip Steadman",
            "year": "1971",
            "class": "Architechture",
            "synopsis": "In the 1970s, the revolution in the teaching of new mathematics and the advent of the computer in design challenge traditional ways of appreciating the space about us, and expand the ‘structural’ understanding of our surroundings through such concepts as transformations, symmetry groups, sets and graphs. This book aims to show the relevance of this new maths and encourages exploration of the widening intellectual horizons of environmental design and architecture.",
            "cover": "covers/53.jpg",
            "group": 2
        }
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