buildLinux: Fix result derivation overriding with passthru via stdenv.mkDerivation instead of lib.extendDerivation

[ShamrockLee]

Description of changes

The buildLinux build helper currently relies on lib.extendDerivation to attach passthru attributes to each outputs. As lib.extendDerivation doesn't handle overriders correctly (#288148), the passthru arguments will be lost when overriding the kernel packages.

This PR fixes this issues by overriding the derivation returned by manual-config.nix with <pkg>.overrideAttrs, and update passthru to pass the attributes.

Aside from fixing the attribute-lost-after-overriding issue, this changes also enable the passthru attributes overriding with <pkg>.overrideAttrs and allow passthru.tests test cases to reference finalAttrs.passthru.tests.

This PR would conflict with #287659, but such conflict is trivial to resolve, and I'll do the rebase once any one of them gets merged.

Fixes: #111504
Previous attempt: #149455

Things done

• Built on platform(s)
  • x86_64-linux (no known rebuilds)
  • aarch64-linux
  • x86_64-darwin
  • aarch64-darwin
• For non-Linux: Is sandboxing enabled in nix.conf? (See Nix manual)
  • sandbox = relaxed
  • sandbox = true
• Tested, as applicable:
  • NixOS test(s) (look inside nixos/tests)
  • and/or package tests
  • or, for functions and "core" functionality, tests in lib/tests or pkgs/test
  • made sure NixOS tests are linked to the relevant packages
• Tested compilation of all packages that depend on this change using nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review rev HEAD". Note: all changes have to be committed, also see nixpkgs-review usage
• Tested basic functionality of all binary files (usually in ./result/bin/)
• 24.05 Release Notes (or backporting 23.05 and 23.11 Release notes)
  • (Package updates) Added a release notes entry if the change is major or breaking
  • (Module updates) Added a release notes entry if the change is significant
  • (Module addition) Added a release notes entry if adding a new NixOS module
• Fits CONTRIBUTING.md.

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[ShamrockLee]

Result of nixpkgs-review run on x86_64-linux 1

[ShamrockLee]

@ofborg build linux linux.tests

[infinisil]

Tested this and it seems to be working well, nice job! And it's much nicer than by previous attempt 😄

For future reference, an example of what works now is testing kernel overrides like this:

(linuxPackages.kernel.overrideAttrs (old: {
  # Some changes
})).tests

[ShamrockLee]

Thank you @infinisil for testing and merging!

The fix utilize finalAttrs.finalPackage provided by #119942, which makes things much easier than the previous take.