Image Compression in Java

Mini project on Image Compression and Decompression

Data Compression is the process of reduction in size of data in order to save space or transmission time. Information usually contains redundancies i.e information is often repeated. Examples include reoccurring letters, numbers or pixels. Compression programs remove this redundancy.

Steps

Download .java file and test.jpg

Compile .java file In Cmd/bash run

javac Compression.java

Execute .class file

java Compression

Arithmetic Coding

Arithmetic coding is a common algorithm used in both lossless and lossy data compression algorithms. It is an entropy encoding technique, in which the frequently seen symbols are encoded with fewer bits than rarely seen symbols.

How does Arithmetic coding work –

• It converts the entire input data into a single floating point number n where (0.0 <= 1.0).

• The interval is divided into sub-intervals in the ratio of the probability of occurrence frequencies.

• For a startpoint and endpoint of an entire range the lower-limit of a character range is the upper-limit of the previous character given by startpoint + cumulativefrequency X (endpoint -startpoint )

• Therefore, each interval corresponds to one symbol.

• The first symbol restricts the tag position to be in one of the intervals.

• The reduced interval is partitioned recursively as more symbols are processed.

• Observation: once the tag falls into an interval, it never gets out of it.

Huffman Coding

Huffman coding is one of the basic compression methods, that have proven useful in image and video compression standards. When applying Huffman encoding technique on an Image, the source symbols can be either pixel intensities of the Image, or the output of an intensity mapping function. The pixel intensity values in the input Image will be addressed as leaf nodes of the Huffman tree.

Now, there are 2 essential steps to build a Huffman Tree :

1. Build a Huffman Tree :

• Combine the two lowest probability leaf nodes into a new node.

• Replace the two leaf nodes by the new node and sort the nodes according to the new probability values.

3. Continue the steps (a) and (b) until we get a single node with probability value 1.0. We will call this node as root

4. Backtrack from the root, assigning ‘0’ or ‘1’ to each intermediate node, till we reach the leaf nodes

Discrete Cosine Transform A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a finite sequence of data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. DCTs are important to numerous applications in science and engineering, from lossy compression of audio (e.g. MP3) and images (e.g. JPEG) (where small high-frequency components can be discarded), to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.

In particular, a DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), but using only real numbers. The DCTs are generally related to Fourier Series coefficients of a periodically and symmetrically extended sequence whereas DFTs are related to Fourier Series coefficients of a periodically extended sequence. DCTs are equivalent to DFTs of roughly twice the length, operating on real data with even symmetry (since the Fourier transform of a real and even function is real and even), whereas in some variants the input and/or output data are shifted by half a sample. There are eight standard DCT variants, of which four are common