This package addresses the membership problem for local polytopes: it constructs Bell inequalities and local models in multipartite Bell scenarios with binary outcomes.
The original article for which it was written can be found here:
Improved local models and new Bell inequalities via Frank-Wolfe algorithms.
The most recent release is available via the julia package manager, e.g., with
using Pkg
Pkg.add("BellPolytopes")
or the main branch:
Pkg.add(url="https://github.com/ZIB-IOL/BellPolytopes.jl", rev="main")
Let's say we want to characterise the nonlocality threshold obtained with the two-qubit maximally entangled state and measurements whose Bloch vectors form an icosahedron.
Using BellPolytopes.jl
, here is what the code looks like.
julia> using BellPolytopes, LinearAlgebra
julia> N = 2; # bipartite scenario
julia> rho = rho_GHZ(N) # two-qubit maximally entangled state
4×4 Matrix{Float64}:
0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5
julia> measurements_vec = icosahedron_vec() # Bloch vectors forming an icosahedron
6×3 Matrix{Float64}:
0.0 0.525731 0.850651
0.0 0.525731 -0.850651
0.525731 0.850651 0.0
0.525731 -0.850651 0.0
0.850651 0.0 0.525731
0.850651 0.0 -0.525731
julia> _, lower_bound, upper_bound, local_model, bell_inequality, _ =
nonlocality_threshold(measurements_vec, N; rho = rho);
julia> println([lower_bound, upper_bound])
[0.7784, 0.7784]
julia> p = correlation_tensor(measurements_vec, N; rho = rho)
6×6 Matrix{Float64}:
0.447214 -1.0 -0.447214 0.447214 0.447214 -0.447214
-1.0 0.447214 -0.447214 0.447214 -0.447214 0.447214
-0.447214 -0.447214 -0.447214 1.0 0.447214 0.447214
0.447214 0.447214 1.0 -0.447214 0.447214 0.447214
0.447214 -0.447214 0.447214 0.447214 1.0 0.447214
-0.447214 0.447214 0.447214 0.447214 0.447214 1.0
julia> final_iterate = sum(local_model.weights[i] * local_model.atoms[i] for i in 1:length(local_model));
julia> norm(final_iterate - lower_bound * p) < 1e-3 # checking local model
true
julia> local_bound(bell_inequality)[1] / dot(bell_inequality, p) # checking the Bell inequality
0.7783914488195466
The computation is based on an efficient variant of the Frank-Wolfe algorithm to iteratively find the local point closest to the input correlation tensor. See this recent review for an introduction to the method and the package FrankWolfe.jl for the implementation on which this package relies.
In a nutshell, each step gets closer to the objective point:
- either by moving towards a good vertex of the local polytope,
- or by astutely combining the vertices (or atoms) already found and stored in the active set.
julia> res = bell_frank_wolfe(p; v0=0.8, verbose=3, callback_interval=10^2, mode_last=-1);
Visibility: 0.8
Symmetric: true
#Inputs: 6
Dimension: 21
Intervals
Print: 100
Renorm: 100
Reduce: 10000
Upper: 1000
Increment: 1000
Iteration Primal Dual gap Time (sec) #It/sec #Atoms #LMO
100 8.7570e-03 6.0089e-02 6.9701e-04 1.4347e+05 11 26
200 5.9241e-03 5.4948e-02 9.4910e-04 2.1073e+05 16 33
300 3.5594e-03 3.4747e-02 1.1942e-03 2.5122e+05 18 40
400 1.9068e-03 3.4747e-02 1.3469e-03 2.9697e+05 16 42
500 1.8093e-03 5.7632e-06 1.5409e-03 3.2448e+05 14 48
Primal: 1.81e-03
Dual gap: 2.60e-08
Time: 1.63e-03
It/sec: 3.28e+05
#Atoms: 14
v_c ≤ 0.778392
More examples can be found in the corresponding folder of the package. They include the construction of a Bell inequality with a higher tolerance to noise as CHSH as well as multipartite instances.