This project provides a C# Fluent API music composition library for use in a scripting environment e.g. Pure. Many years ago when Haskell was still new they had Euterpea which is a fun concept but tedious to use because Haskell is hard to use, and music composition is inherently a procedural thing so a functional approach is not the best way to model it.
Main inspirations:
- Arguably the main inspiration is MultiFractalTerrain API which has the potential to provide full suite of World Machine capabilities in a programmable and open-source fashion and is a proof-of-concept of Pure-based Fluent scripting fluency.
- NAudio for audio playback and raw waveform assembly.
- MeltySynth for MIDI assembly.
The Core library will provide preliminary FluentSynth for Pure-oriented MIDI-supported but more targeting raw waveform procedural generation
Example:
# Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
# Tempo 120, Time Signature 4/4
(120) 4/4
[C C G G] [A A G/2] [F F E E] [D D C/2]
[G G F F] [E E D/2] [G G F F] [E E D/2]
[C C G G] [A A G/2] [F F E E] [D D C/2]
This application may depend on .Net 7 runtime, and it's available from Microsoft.
- Download the latest from release page;
- Follow download instructions to prepare a suitable SoundFont file for use;
- Run
FluentMusic.exefor CLI and REPL (read-eval-print loop) use; - Use Pure or other scripting platform to import
FluentSynth.dllfor scripting use.
This program depends on cross-platform packages and for Mac and Linux build, one can compile from source using Visual Studio - use FluentSynth.sln or PowerShell 7 script to build (require .Net 7 SDK).
Usage:
- See release notes.
- Basic Usage (no audio): see video.
Demos:
- https://youtu.be/qHAPr2-QYiw
- (A complete tutorial on FSMN syntax and basic REPL and CLI usage will be uploaded in the future)
This library provides raw API for manipulating and assembling sin waves and notes, and relies on NAudio for music playback. By reading or creating MIDI files on the fly, one can represent musical ideas on a higher level.
The library (FluentSynth) provide two sets of APIs: 1) For raw fixed-size waveform manipulation; 2) For MIDI-based synthesization aka. data-driven approach.
Being able to construct raw waveforms from scratch is useful for basic musical note and chord exploration, but for more efficient music composition, using scores and MIDI is more convinient. The raw waveform based API also has the advantage that when used in a scripting environment it can be entirely procedural (though the same can be argued for MIDI based approach).
For musical scores, we use a partial and modified version of Guido Music Notation.
An entire composition is broken into measures, and each measure consists of beats. The default time signature is 4/4.
For specifically, either single sequence of notes, or sequence of measures, or entire composition can be specified as input:
- Sequence of notes, separated by space:
c d e f g h a b - Sequence of measures:
[c d e f] - Entire composition (in a single line):
(120) 4/4 [C C G G] [A A G/2] [F F E E] [D D C/2] [G G F F] [E E D/2] [G G F F] [E E D/2] [C C G G] [A A G/2] [F F E E] [D D C/2]
Musical notes can be represented using the typical diatonic musical notes as A B C D E F G or numerically as 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, or as solfège: do re mi fa sol la ti/si.
Note names are case-insensitive. Numerical and solfège specification are in the key of C. Note names never contain spaces.
When numerically or as solfège, one can use ' as suffix to raise an octave and use _ as suffix to lower an octave, e.g. 1' is two octave higher than 1_.
When using English letters, one can use accidentals and numbers to denote which octave and tone the note is, e.g. A#6 (MIDI 94) is piano key 74, and C6 (MIDI 84) is piano key 64, also known as Soprano C (High C).
A complete note consists of three components: note name, velocity (also known as attack), and duration. The complete form looks like this: <Note Name>/<Duration>@<Attack>. E.g. [c/1 c d/2 d e/4 e f/8 f g/16 g a/32 a].
Notice durations are not sticky, and by default the note duration is the length specified in the denominator in the time signature.
Default duration for a note is a quarter note. To indicate a different rhythm, indicate it after any octave indicator by writing a slash / followed by the duration of the note in terms of divisions per whole note: [c/1 c d/2 d e/4 e f/8 f g/16 g a/32 a].
|rhythm|code| |whole note|1| |half note|2| |quarter note|4| |eighth note|8| |sixteenth note|16| |thiry-second note|32|
One dot . is equivalent to adding an additional C/4. is (only in terms of duration) C/4 + C/8 (those will nonetheless sound differently).
More dots adds additional "halves", e.g. C/4.. is equivalent to C/4 + C/8 * 2 or C/2, and C/4... is equivalent to C/4 + C/8 * 3.
A note can be played together with other notes at the same time by using | to connect them. E.g. (Middle C, E, G with different attacks) C|E|G/4@100; When specified in this fashion, the notes must have the same duration and velocity.
Sharps are indicated by a pound sign (#) and flats are indicated by an ampersand (&): [c# d& e f# g&].
At the moment there is no capacity to parse something like f## or g&& - you need to manually convert it to g or f.
Syntax is slightly different from single-line measures.
The score must start with Mode: Multi-Instrument line.
Then the next valid content line must specify tempo and time signature: (120) 4/4.
One can use # to denote comment lines.
Each "group" line is like this: <Group Name>:<Group Instrument> <Measures>. The <Group Name>:<Group Instrument> part uniquely identify a group. It's possible to have the same <Group Name> with different instruments, which are identified as different groups. Different groups do not need to have same number of measures - they will play together for so long as the measures can support.
E.g. Piano 1:Piano [C C G G] [A A G/2] [F F E E] [D D C/2]
When unique instruments are used for a group, <Group Name>: part can be omitted and a default grou name using instrument name will be created.
Vocals can be defined using <VocalName>: <File Path> syntax on its own lines. The vocal name cannot have space and special characters, and it's name cannot clash with known notes. Then it's used just like a regular note. Vocal name is case-sensitive.
Example:
V1: Vocal1.wav
Piano [C D E F]
Vocal [_ _ V1 _]
Vocals will ignore durations because durations of vocals are determined by the audio clip length. Attack of vocals determine volume.
The overall infrastructure is established, in the future, the likely site of improvement is either Orchestrator or MusicalScoreParser.
Low Level Pending:
- PENDING
MIDI Engine:
- Convert of FSMN to .MIDI file.
- Convert of FSMN/MIDI file into mp3/wav file.
FSMN Score:
- Relative and absolute path handling in vocal file specification (at the moment it's relative to current working directory)
Audio Editing (Exposed only through Pure Scripting):
- Quick cut and format conversion
- When playing MIDI files directly from command line using FluentMusic, loading time is long and it's not memory efficient because the program loads everything at once without streaming. For the purpose of this program (targeting more on on-demand synth), we probably won't address this issue any time soon.
- NAudio: https://github.com/naudio
- Melty Synth: https://github.com/sinshu/meltysynth
- NAudio synth: https://github.com/naudio/NAudio/blob/master/Docs/PlaySineWave.md
- NAudio key constrct: https://github.com/naudio/NAudio/blob/master/Docs/WaveProviders.md
- NAudio raw sample stream: https://github.com/naudio/NAudio/blob/master/Docs/RawSourceWaveStream.md
- MIDI playback: https://github.com/sinshu/meltysynth/tree/main/Examples/NAudio
- MIDI Note Numbres and Center Frequencies: https://www.inspiredacoustics.com/en/MIDI_note_numbers_and_center_frequencies
- MIDI Instrument number: https://fmslogo.sourceforge.io/manual/midi-instrument.html
- Guido Music Notation: https://wiki.ccarh.org/wiki/Guido_Music_Notation
- Guido Layout Engine: https://github.com/grame-cncm/guidolib
- Drum Channel: https://www.pgmusic.com/tutorial_gm.htm; Usage: sinshu/meltysynth#41 (comment)
(Defined in MusicalScore)
| Note Name | MIDI Number | Piano Key Number | Variable Name | Frequency (Equal tuning at 440 Hz) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C8 | 108 | 88 | C8 |
4,186.01 |
| B7 | 107 | 87 | B7 |
3,951.07 |
| A#7/Bb7 | 106 | 86 | As7 or Bb7 |
3,729.31 |
| A7 | 105 | 85 | A7 |
3,520.00 |
| G#7/Ab7 | 104 | 84 | Gs7 or Ab7 |
3,322.44 |
| G7 | 103 | 83 | G7 |
3,135.96 |
| F#7/Gb7 | 102 | 82 | Fs7 or Gb7 |
2,959.96 |
| F7 | 101 | 81 | F7 |
2,793.83 |
| E7 | 100 | 80 | E7 |
2,637.02 |
| D#7/Eb7 | 99 | 79 | Ds7 or Eb7 |
2,489.02 |
| D7 | 98 | 78 | D7 |
2,349.32 |
| C#7/Db7 | 97 | 77 | Cs7 or Db7 |
2,217.46 |
| C7 | 96 | 76 | C7 |
2,093.00 |
| B6 | 95 | 75 | B6 |
1,975.53 |
| A#6/Bb6 | 94 | 74 | As6 or Bb6 |
1,864.66 |
| A6 | 93 | 73 | A6 |
1,760.00 |
| G#6/Ab6 | 92 | 72 | Gs6 or Ab6 |
1,661.22 |
| G6 | 91 | 71 | G6 |
1,567.98 |
| F#6/Gb6 | 90 | 70 | Fs6 or Gb6 |
1,479.98 |
| F6 | 89 | 69 | F6 |
1,396.91 |
| E6 | 88 | 68 | E6 |
1,318.51 |
| D#6/Eb6 | 87 | 67 | Ds6 or Eb6 |
1,244.51 |
| D6 | 86 | 66 | D6 |
1,174.66 |
| C#6/Db6 | 85 | 65 | Cs6 or Db6 |
1,108.73 |
| C6 | 84 | 64 | C6 |
1,046.50 |
| B5 | 83 | 63 | B5 |
987.77 |
| A#5/Bb5 | 82 | 62 | As5 or Bb5 |
932.33 |
| A5 | 81 | 61 | A5 |
880.00 |
| G#5/Ab5 | 80 | 60 | Gs5 or Ab5 |
830.61 |
| G5 | 79 | 59 | G5 |
783.99 |
| F#5/Gb5 | 78 | 58 | Fs5 or Gb5 |
739.99 |
| F5 | 77 | 57 | F5 |
698.46 |
| E5 | 76 | 56 | E5 |
659.26 |
| D#5/Eb5 | 75 | 55 | Ds5 or Eb5 |
622.25 |
| D5 | 74 | 54 | D5 |
587.33 |
| C#5/Db5 | 73 | 53 | Cs5 or Db5 |
554.37 |
| C5 | 72 | 52 | C5 |
523.25 |
| B4 | 71 | 51 | B4 |
493.88 |
| A#4/Bb4 | 70 | 50 | As4 or Bb4 |
466.16 |
| A4/ConcertPitch | 69 | 49 | A4 or ConcertPitch |
440.00 |
| G#4/Ab4 | 68 | 48 | Gs4 or Ab4 |
415.30 |
| G4 | 67 | 47 | G4 |
392.00 |
| F#4/Gb4 | 66 | 46 | Fs4 or Gb4 |
369.99 |
| F4 | 65 | 45 | F4 |
349.23 |
| E4 | 64 | 44 | E4 |
329.63 |
| D#4/Eb4 | 63 | 43 | Ds4 or Eb4 |
311.13 |
| D4 | 62 | 42 | D4 |
293.66 |
| C#4/Db4 | 61 | 41 | Cs4 or Db4 |
277.18 |
| C4/MiddleC | 60 | 40 | C4 or MiddleC |
261.63 |
| B3 | 59 | 39 | B3 |
246.94 |
| A#3/Bb3 | 58 | 38 | As3 or Bb3 |
233.08 |
| A3 | 57 | 37 | A3 |
220.00 |
| G#3/Ab3 | 56 | 36 | Gs3 or Ab3 |
207.65 |
| G3 | 55 | 35 | G3 |
196.00 |
| F#3/Gb3 | 54 | 34 | Fs3 or Gb3 |
185.00 |
| F3 | 53 | 33 | F3 |
174.61 |
| E3 | 52 | 32 | E3 |
164.81 |
| D#3/Eb3 | 51 | 31 | Ds3 or Eb3 |
155.56 |
| D3 | 50 | 30 | D3 |
146.83 |
| C#3/Db3 | 49 | 29 | Cs3 or Db3 |
138.59 |
| C3 | 48 | 28 | C3 |
130.81 |
| B2 | 47 | 27 | B2 |
123.47 |
| A#2/Bb2 | 46 | 26 | As2 or Bb2 |
116.54 |
| A2 | 45 | 25 | A2 |
110.00 |
| G#2/Ab2 | 44 | 24 | Gs2 or Ab2 |
103.83 |
| G2 | 43 | 23 | G2 |
98.00 |
| F#2/Gb2 | 42 | 22 | Fs2 or Gb2 |
92.50 |
| F2 | 41 | 21 | F2 |
87.31 |
| E2 | 40 | 20 | E2 |
82.41 |
| D#2/Eb2 | 39 | 19 | Ds2 or Eb2 |
77.78 |
| D2 | 38 | 18 | D2 |
73.42 |
| C#2/Db2 | 37 | 17 | Cs2 or Db2 |
69.30 |
| C2 | 36 | 16 | C2 |
65.41 |
| B1 | 35 | 15 | B1 |
61.74 |
| A#1/Bb1 | 34 | 14 | As1 or Bb1 |
58.27 |
| A1 | 33 | 13 | A1 |
55.00 |
| G#1/Ab1 | 32 | 12 | Gs1 or Ab1 |
51.91 |
| G1 | 31 | 11 | G1 |
49.00 |
| F#1/Gb1 | 30 | 10 | Fs1 or Gb1 |
46.25 |
| F1 | 29 | 9 | F1 |
43.65 |
| E1 | 28 | 8 | E1 |
41.20 |
| D#1/Eb1 | 27 | 7 | Ds1 or Eb1 |
38.89 |
| D1 | 26 | 6 | D1 |
36.71 |
| C#1/Db1 | 25 | 5 | Cs1 or Db1 |
34.65 |
| C1 | 24 | 4 | C1 |
32.70 |
| B0 | 23 | 3 | B0 |
30.87 |
| A#0/Bb0 | 22 | 2 | As0 or Bb0 |
29.14 |
| A0 | 21 | 1 | A0 |
27.50 |
(Defined in MusicalScore):
| Instrument | Class | MIDI Number | Variable Name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acoustic Grand Piano | Piano | 0 | AcousticGrandPiano |
| Bright Acoustic Piano | Piano | 1 | BrightAcousticPiano |
| Electric Grand Piano | Piano | 2 | ElectricGrandPiano |
| Honky-tonk Piano | Piano | 3 | HonkytonkPiano |
| Rhodes Piano | Piano | 4 | RhodesPiano |
| Chorused Piano | Piano | 5 | ChorusedPiano |
| Harpsichord | Piano | 6 | Harpsichord |
| Clavinet | Piano | 7 | Clavinet |
| Celesta | Chromatic Percussion | 8 | Celesta |
| Glockenspiel | Chromatic Percussion | 9 | Glockenspiel |
| Music Box | Chromatic Percussion | 10 | MusicBox |
| Vibraphone | Chromatic Percussion | 11 | Vibraphone |
| Marimba | Chromatic Percussion | 12 | Marimba |
| Xylophone | Chromatic Percussion | 13 | Xylophone |
| Tubular Bells | Chromatic Percussion | 14 | TubularBells |
| Dulcimer | Chromatic Percussion | 15 | Dulcimer |
| Hammond Organ | Organ | 16 | HammondOrgan |
| Percussive Organ | Organ | 17 | PercussiveOrgan |
| Rock Organ | Organ | 18 | RockOrgan |
| Church Organ | Organ | 19 | ChurchOrgan |
| Reed Organ | Organ | 20 | ReedOrgan |
| Accordion | Organ | 21 | Accordion |
| Harmonica | Organ | 22 | Harmonica |
| Tango Accordion | Organ | 23 | TangoAccordion |
| Acoustic Guitar (nylon) | Guitar | 24 | AcousticGuitar |
| Acoustic Guitar (steel) | Guitar | 25 | AcousticGuitar |
| Electric Guitar (jazz) | Guitar | 26 | ElectricGuitar |
| Electric Guitar (clean) | Guitar | 27 | ElectricGuitar |
| Electric Guitar (muted) | Guitar | 28 | ElectricGuitar |
| Overdriven Guitar | Guitar | 29 | OverdrivenGuitar |
| Distortion Guitar | Guitar | 30 | DistortionGuitar |
| Guitar Harmonics | Guitar | 31 | GuitarHarmonics |
| Acoustic Bass | Bass | 32 | AcousticBass |
| Electric Bass (finger) | Bass | 33 | ElectricBass |
| Electric Bass (pick) | Bass | 34 | ElectricBass |
| Fretless Bass | Bass | 35 | FretlessBass |
| Slap Bass 1 | Bass | 36 | SlapBass1 |
| Slap Bass 2 | Bass | 37 | SlapBass2 |
| Synth Bass 1 | Bass | 38 | SynthBass1 |
| Synth Bass 2 | Bass | 39 | SynthBass2 |
| Violin | Strings | 40 | Violin |
| Viola | Strings | 41 | Viola |
| Cello | Strings | 42 | Cello |
| Contrabass | Strings | 43 | Contrabass |
| Tremolo Strings | Strings | 44 | TremoloStrings |
| Pizzicato Strings | Strings | 45 | PizzicatoStrings |
| Orchestral Harp | Strings | 46 | OrchestralHarp |
| Timpani | Strings | 47 | Timpani |
| String Ensemble 1 | Ensemble | 48 | StringEnsemble1 |
| String Ensemble 2 | Ensemble | 49 | StringEnsemble2 |
| Synth Strings 1 | Ensemble | 50 | SynthStrings1 |
| Synth Strings 2 | Ensemble | 51 | SynthStrings2 |
| Choir Aahs | Ensemble | 52 | ChoirAahs |
| Voice Oohs | Ensemble | 53 | VoiceOohs |
| Synth Voice | Ensemble | 54 | SynthVoice |
| Orchestra Hit | Ensemble | 55 | OrchestraHit |
| Trumpet | Brass | 56 | Trumpet |
| Trombone | Brass | 57 | Trombone |
| Tuba | Brass | 58 | Tuba |
| Muted Trumpet | Brass | 59 | MutedTrumpet |
| French Horn | Brass | 60 | FrenchHorn |
| Brass Section | Brass | 61 | BrassSection |
| Synth Brass 1 | Brass | 62 | SynthBrass1 |
| Synth Brass 2 | Brass | 63 | SynthBrass2 |
| Soprano Sax | Reed | 64 | SopranoSax |
| Alto Sax | Reed | 65 | AltoSax |
| Tenor Sax | Reed | 66 | TenorSax |
| Baritone Sax | Reed | 67 | BaritoneSax |
| Oboe | Reed | 68 | Oboe |
| English Horn | Reed | 69 | EnglishHorn |
| Bassoon | Reed | 70 | Bassoon |
| Clarinet | Reed | 71 | Clarinet |
| Piccolo | Pipe | 72 | Piccolo |
| Flute | Pipe | 73 | Flute |
| Recorder | Pipe | 74 | Recorder |
| Pan Flute | Pipe | 75 | PanFlute |
| Bottle Blow | Pipe | 76 | BottleBlow |
| Shakuhachi | Pipe | 77 | Shakuhachi |
| Whistle | Pipe | 78 | Whistle |
| Ocarina | Pipe | 79 | Ocarina |
| Lead 1 (square) | Synth Lead | 80 | Lead1 |
| Lead 2 (sawtooth) | Synth Lead | 81 | Lead2 |
| Lead 3 (calliope lead) | Synth Lead | 82 | Lead3 |
| Lead 4 (chiffer lead) | Synth Lead | 83 | Lead4 |
| Lead 5 (charang) | Synth Lead | 84 | Lead5 |
| Lead 6 (voice) | Synth Lead | 85 | Lead6 |
| Lead 7 (fifths) | Synth Lead | 86 | Lead7 |
| Lead 8 (brass + lead) | Synth Lead | 87 | Lead8 |
| Pad 1 (new age) | Synth Pad | 88 | Pad1 |
| Pad 2 (warm) | Synth Pad | 89 | Pad2 |
| Pad 3 (polysynth) | Synth Pad | 90 | Pad3 |
| Pad 4 (choir) | Synth Pad | 91 | Pad4 |
| Pad 5 (bowed) | Synth Pad | 92 | Pad5 |
| Pad 6 (metallic) | Synth Pad | 93 | Pad6 |
| Pad 7 (halo) | Synth Pad | 94 | Pad7 |
| Pad 8 (sweep) | Synth Pad | 95 | Pad8 |
| FX 1 (rain) | Synth Effects | 96 | FX1 |
| FX 2 (soundtrack) | Synth Effects | 97 | FX2 |
| FX 3 (crystal) | Synth Effects | 98 | FX3 |
| FX 4 (atmosphere) | Synth Effects | 99 | FX4 |
| FX 5 (brightness) | Synth Effects | 100 | FX5 |
| FX 6 (goblins) | Synth Effects | 101 | FX6 |
| FX 7 (echoes) | Synth Effects | 102 | FX7 |
| FX 8 (sci-fi) | Synth Effects | 103 | FX8 |
| Sitar | Ethnic | 104 | Sitar |
| Banjo | Ethnic | 105 | Banjo |
| Shamisen | Ethnic | 106 | Shamisen |
| Koto | Ethnic | 107 | Koto |
| Kalimba | Ethnic | 108 | Kalimba |
| Bagpipe | Ethnic | 109 | Bagpipe |
| Fiddle | Ethnic | 110 | Fiddle |
| Shana | Ethnic | 111 | Shana |
| Tinkle Bell | Percussive | 112 | TinkleBell |
| Agogo | Percussive | 113 | Agogo |
| Steel Drums | Percussive | 114 | SteelDrums |
| Woodblock | Percussive | 115 | Woodblock |
| Taiko Drum | Percussive | 116 | TaikoDrum |
| Melodic Tom | Percussive | 117 | MelodicTom |
| Synth Drum | Percussive | 118 | SynthDrum |
| Reverse Cymbal | Percussive | 119 | ReverseCymbal |
| Guitar Fret Noise | Sound Effects | 120 | GuitarFretNoise |
| Breath Noise | Sound Effects | 121 | BreathNoise |
| Seashore | Sound Effects | 122 | Seashore |
| Bird Tweet | Sound Effects | 123 | BirdTweet |
| Telephone Ring | Sound Effects | 124 | TelephoneRing |
| Helicopter | Sound Effects | 125 | Helicopter |
| Applause | Sound Effects | 126 | Applause |
| Gunshot | Sound Effects | 127 | Gunshot |
MIDI channel 10 (No.9) is the drum channel. On the drum channel, different notes are interpreted as different drum sounds, instead of being different pitches of a particular instrument. Instead of using Program Change messages to switch between different instruments, on the drum channel they are used to choose a drum kit. Program Change #0 is the Standard Drum Kit on most synthesizers.
Below is a reference Drum kit patch map for Standard Drum Kit (from GM Music). Note that most synths (or sound fonts?) have additional drum sounds below and above this range of notes.
| Notation | Drum Sound | Note Name | Note Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABD | Acoustic Bass Drum | B1 | 35 |
| BD | Bass Drum 1 | C2 | 36 |
| SS | Side Stick | Db2/C#2 | 37 |
| AS | Acoustic Snare | D2 | 38 |
| HC | Hand Clap | Eb2/D#2 | 39 |
| ES | Electric Snare | E2 | 40 |
| LFT | Low Floor Tom | F2 | 41 |
| CHH | Closed Hi-Hat | Gb2/F#2 | 42 |
| HFT | High Floor Tom | G2 | 43 |
| RHH | Pedal Hi-Hat | Ab2/G#2 | 44 |
| LT | Low Tom | A2 | 45 |
| OHH | Open Hi-Hat | Bb2/A#2 | 46 |
| LMT | Low-Mid Tom | B2 | 47 |
| HMT | Hi-Mid Tom | C3 | 48 |
| CC1 | Crash Cymbal 1 | Db3/C#3 | 49 |
| HT | High Tom | D3 | 50 |
| RC1 | Ride Cymbal 1 | Eb3/D#3 | 51 |
| CC | Chinese Cymbal | E3 | 52 |
| RB | Ride Bell | F3 | 53 |
| T | Tambourine | Gb3/F#3 | 54 |
| SC | Splash Cymbal | G3 | 55 |
| Co | Cowbell | Ab3/G#3 | 56 |
| CS2 | Crash Symbol 2 | A3 | 57 |
| V | Vibraslap | Bb3/A#3 | 58 |
| RC2 | Ride Cymbal 2 | B3 | 59 |
| HB | Hi Bongo | C4 (middle C) | 60 |
| LB | Low Bongo | Db4/C#4 | 61 |
| MHC | Mute Hi Conga | D4 | 62 |
| OHC | Open Hi Conga | Eb4/D#4 | 63 |
| LC | Low Conga | E4 | 64 |
| HTi | High Timbale | F4 | 65 |
| LTi | Low Timbale | Gb4/F#4 | 66 |
| HA | High Agogo | G4 | 67 |
| LA | Low Agogo | Ab4/G#4 | 68 |
| Ca | Cabasa | A4 | 69 |
| M | Maracas | Bb4/A#4 | 70 |
| SW | Short Whistle | B4 | 71 |
| LW | Long Whistle | C5 | 72 |
| SG | Short Guiro | Db5/D#5 | 73 |
| LG | Long Guiro | D5 | 74 |
| Cl | Claves | Eb5/D#5 | 75 |
| HWB | Hi Wood Block | E5 | 76 |
| LWB | Low Wood Block | F5 | 77 |
| MC | Mute Cuica | Gb5/F#5 | 78 |
| OC | Open Cuica | G5 | 79 |
| MT | Mute Triangle | Ab5/G#5 | 80 |
| OT | Open Triangle | A5 | 81 |
| S | Shaker | Bb5/A#5 | 82 |
Drum kits:
Many General MIDI compatible synths/sound fonts have additional drum kits, often the eight listed below. Other drum kits are often similar to the Standard Drum Kit but have variations of the same drum sounds. For example, note 38 is an Acoustic Snare in the Standard Drum Kit. When you are using the Room Drum Kit, you still hear a snare with note 38 but it will be a "Room Snare".
| Program # | Drum Kit |
|---|---|
| 0 | Standard Drum Kit |
| 8 | Room Drum Kit |
| 16 | Power Drum Kit |
| 24 | Electric Drum Kit |
| 25 | Rap TR808 Drums |
| 32 | Jazz Drum Kit |
| 40 | Brush Kit |
| 48 | Orchestral Drum Kit |
| 49 | Fix Room Drum Kit |
| 127 | MT-32 Drum Kit |
A special note about the Brush Kit:
The Brush Kit is usually the same as the Standard Drum Kit with the following three exceptions:
- Note #38 is a Brush Tap instead of a Snare Drum.
- Note #39 is a Brush Slap instead of a Hand Clap.
- Note #40 is a Brush Swirl instead of an Electric Snare Drum.
Some Yamaha synths use a somewhat different map for the brush sounds. On these synths:
- Note #25 is a Brush tap.
- Note #27 is a Brush Slap.
- Note #26 is a Brush swirl.