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blogs/ARM/arm.md

@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ Cryptocurrencies and digital assets have emerged as disruptive forces in the fin
 As technology advances and the digital economy expands, it is crucial for banks (to be more specific: legacy and traditional banks) to understand and effectively manage the risks associated with these assets. These risks are generated and linked from the following drivers:
 - the volatile nature and intrinsic features of digital assets and cryptos
 - customers that trade and hold these specific assets
-- as-is organizational frameworks related to risk management and best practices that did not consider cryptocurrencies and digital assets
+- as-is organisational frameworks related to risk management and best practices that did not consider cryptocurrencies and digital assets
 
 The objective of this article is twofold: on one hand to provide a review of the main financial and non-financial risks arising from the management of non-standard products for traditional banks; on the other hand, to identify the key value drivers within risk management to uncover new best practices and new business opportunities.
 
-To achieve these two objectives, the pros and cons of each risk will be emphasized.
+To achieve these two objectives, the pros and cons of each risk will be emphasised.
 
 At the conclusion of the article, the risks that can raise greater concern and those that can be harnessed as catalysts to amplify innovation, both technologically and financially, will become clear.
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Let us begin with an examination of the various pros related to holding and trad
    Cryptocurrencies and digital assets offer banks the potential for diversifying their portfolios beyond traditional financial instruments. This can enhance risk-adjusted returns and provide exposure to new markets and investment opportunities.
 
 2. **Client Demand and Engagement**:     
-   Banks that offer cryptocurrency services can attract and retain more clients seeking exposure to digital assets. Meeting this demand can lead to increased customer engagement and revenue generation (i.e., new revenue streams). Let’s look for example at Revolut Ltd. case {cite}`Revolut2021Statement`. As widely acknowledged, Revolut stands as one of the most accomplished digital banks, providing customers with an array of services encompassing crypto services, traditional banking features, and various other financial offerings. The Financial Statements of Revolut Ltd. communicate that the company succeeded in drawing a substantial customer base by utilizing a comprehensive financial package, with its cryptocurrency services taking the spotlight. Moreover, Revolut's strong suit lies in its ability to enable many individuals to manage cryptocurrencies without encountering technicalities or complexities associated with handling the private keys of digital assets. All these concepts are derived from Revolut's main financials {cite}`Revolut2021Statement` and Revolut case, as depicted in the table below, Revolut's growth rate is remarkable, encompassing both its customer base and revenues. **This underscores the hidden value that legacy banks can uncover and harness by integrating cryptocurrency and digital asset services into their existing offerings.**
+   Banks that offer cryptocurrency services can attract and retain more clients seeking exposure to digital assets. Meeting this demand can lead to increased customer engagement and revenue generation (i.e., new revenue streams). Let’s look for example at Revolut Ltd. case {cite}`Revolut2021Statement`. As widely acknowledged, Revolut stands as one of the most accomplished digital banks, providing customers with an array of services encompassing crypto services, traditional banking features, and various other financial offerings. The Financial Statements of Revolut Ltd. communicate that the company succeeded in drawing a substantial customer base by utilising a comprehensive financial package, with its cryptocurrency services taking the spotlight. Moreover, Revolut's strong suit lies in its ability to enable many individuals to manage cryptocurrencies without encountering technicalities or complexities associated with handling the private keys of digital assets. All these concepts are derived from Revolut's main financials {cite}`Revolut2021Statement` and Revolut case, as depicted in the table below, Revolut's growth rate is remarkable, encompassing both its customer base and revenues. **This underscores the hidden value that legacy banks can uncover and harness by integrating cryptocurrency and digital asset services into their existing offerings.**
 
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 3. **Innovation and Competitive Advantage** {cite}`Bitcoin2016Arvind`:     
    Embracing cryptocurrencies allows banks to position themselves as innovators in the financial industry. It demonstrates adaptability and can help differentiate them from competitors enabling the creation of a different, cutting-edge competitive advantage, something that is rare in the financial industry, and hard to copy. It is very important to highlight that, within the legacy banks market, the first mover advantage is paramount – guaranteeing the capture of extra profits that later movers cannot exploit.
 
-At this stage, it becomes crucial to emphasize the interrelations between cryptocurrencies and traditional risks. Below, you will discover the key insights pertaining to this subject.
+At this stage, it becomes crucial to emphasise the interrelations between cryptocurrencies and traditional risks. Below, you will discover the key insights pertaining to this subject.
 
 1. **Interest Rate Risk** {cite}`Duggan2023lending, Tan2023risk`: 
-   Banks need to consider the potential impact of interest rate fluctuations on the valuation of cryptocurrencies, especially if they hold these assets on their balance sheets. It's important to recognize that the relationship between interest rates and cryptocurrencies is complex and influenced by numerous factors, including absolute value of interests, market sentiment, regulatory developments, and technological advancements {cite}`Duggan2023lending, Tan2023risk, Pechman2023interest`. Banks need to carefully assess and monitor these dynamics to effectively manage the interest rate risk associated with cryptocurrencies.
+   Banks need to consider the potential impact of interest rate fluctuations on the valuation of cryptocurrencies, especially if they hold these assets on their balance sheets. It's important to recognise that the relationship between interest rates and cryptocurrencies is complex and influenced by numerous factors, including absolute value of interests, market sentiment, regulatory developments, and technological advancements {cite}`Duggan2023lending, Tan2023risk, Pechman2023interest`. Banks need to carefully assess and monitor these dynamics to effectively manage the interest rate risk associated with cryptocurrencies.
 
    Let’s look at the **Interest Rate Increase** scenario:
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ At this stage, it becomes crucial to emphasize the interrelations between crypto
 
    Conversely, if **interest rates decrease**, they can also affect cryptocurrencies in the following ways:
    - **Valuation Impact**: cryptocurrencies may experience increased demand when interest rates decline, leading to potential price appreciation. However, it is important to note that cryptocurrencies are influenced by various other factors, and interest rates alone may not be the sole driver of their valuation.
-   -  **Investment Attractiveness**: lower interest rates can make cryptocurrencies relatively more attractive compared to traditional fixed-income investments that provide lower yields. Banks may consider increasing their exposure to cryptocurrencies as part of their investment strategy during periods of low interest rates.
+   -  **Investment Attractiveness**: lower interest rates can make cryptocurrencies relatively more attractive compared to traditional fixed-income investments that provide lower yields. Banks may consider increasing their exposure to cryptocurrencies as part of their investment strategy during periods of low-interest rates.
 
    Moreover, it's worth noting that interest rate risk related to cryptocurrencies primarily arises when they are held as investment assets on a bank's balance sheet. If cryptocurrencies are held for other purposes, such as providing custody {cite}`2023Custodial`or trading services, the interest rate risk may be less relevant. As with any investment asset, banks should have appropriate risk management policies and frameworks in place to assess and monitor interest rate risk associated with cryptocurrencies. This may involve stress testing, scenario analysis, and regular reviews to ensure the bank's exposure to interest rate fluctuations aligns with its risk appetite and strategic objectives. 
 
@@ -97,22 +97,22 @@ At this stage, it becomes crucial to emphasize the interrelations between crypto
    - The first one is related to the protection against volatility related to customer digital assets portfolios (that can be seen as a commercial opportunity for legacy banks)
    - The second one is related to the protection of the legacy bank itself against volatility. Please note that cryptocurrency derivatives (or more in general, digital assets derivatives) and hedging instruments are emerging, providing opportunities, and related risks, for banks to hedge their exposure to price volatility and mitigate associated risks.
 4. **Liquidity Risks** {cite}`Tan2023risk`: cryptocurrency markets can experience liquidity challenges, especially during periods of market stress. Banks should carefully assess liquidity ratios and availability (to be more specific also in the interbank and monetary market) when holding and trading these assets.
-5. **Climate & Environmental Risks**: banks, especially in the European Union, have targets (such as Net Zero Banking Alliance) on their own greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and financed emissions (GHG emissions produced by banks’ customers). This topic is very relevant because financing crypto customers could result in increasing GHG financed emissions. Since some cryptocurrency assets/digital assets are very energy-intensive assets (e.g., due to mining), the main challenge is how to make a fruitful cherry-picking of digital and crypto assets that at the same time:
+5. **Climate & Environmental Risks**: banks, especially in the European Union, have targets (such as Net Zero Banking Alliance) on their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and financed emissions (GHG emissions produced by banks’ customers). This topic is very relevant because financing crypto customers could result in increasing GHG financed emissions. Since some cryptocurrency assets/digital assets are very energy-intensive assets (e.g., due to mining), the main challenge is how to make a fruitful cherry-picking of digital and crypto assets that at the same time:
    - rely on the most efficient technology (hence, they emit less with respect to the market)
    - guarantee the most profitable income for legacy banks and customers, given the GHG emissions target
 6. **Reputational Risks**: Reputational risks can emerge while managing cryptocurrencies and crypto customers, stemming from regulatory scrutiny as well as media and public perception surrounding these assets.
-7. **ICT Risks** {cite}`Tan2023risk, Sergeenkov2023risk`: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) risks refer to the potential risks associated with the use of technology, information systems, and infrastructure within an organization. In the context of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, ICT risk could be the paramount one, and can manifest in the following ways:
+7. **ICT Risks** {cite}`Tan2023risk, Sergeenkov2023risk`: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) risks refer to the potential risks associated with the use of technology, information systems, and infrastructure within an organisation. In the context of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, ICT risk could be the paramount one, and can manifest in the following ways:
    - **Security of Digital Wallets and Exchanges**:
-     - Unauthorized Access: Cryptocurrency wallets (provided by legacy banks) can be vulnerable to unauthorized access, leading to (personal) data theft or loss of digital assets. Risks include hacking attempts, phishing attacks, or malware targeting the storage or transfer mechanisms of cryptocurrencies.
+     - Unauthorised Access: Cryptocurrency wallets (provided by legacy banks) can be vulnerable to unauthorised access, leading to (personal) data theft or loss of digital assets. Risks include hacking attempts, phishing attacks, or malware targeting the storage or transfer mechanisms of cryptocurrencies.
      - Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Weaknesses in ICT infrastructure, such as servers, networks, or software, can expose digital wallets to potential security breaches. Vulnerabilities in infrastructure may arise due to outdated systems, inadequate security measures, or insufficient monitoring and patching practices.
    - **Data Integrity and Availability**: No specific issues coming from these topics.
 8. **Cyber Risks** {cite}`Tan2023risk, Sergeenkov2023risk`: Cyber risks refer to the potential risks arising from malicious activities. In the context of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, cyber risks can include, inter alia:
     - **Phishing and Social Engineering**: Cybercriminals may attempt to deceive individuals within the bank or its clients into revealing sensitive information, such as private keys or login credentials, through phishing emails, fake websites, or social engineering techniques.
-    - **Malware and Ransomware Attacks**: Malicious software can be used to target digital wallets, exchanges, or users, aiming to gain unauthorized access, steal funds, or encrypt data for ransom. Ransomware attacks can disrupt operations and cause financial losses if not adequately mitigated.
+    - **Malware and Ransomware Attacks**: Malicious software can be used to target digital wallets, exchanges, or users, aiming to gain unauthorised access, steal funds, or encrypt data for ransom. Ransomware attacks can disrupt operations and cause financial losses if not adequately mitigated.
     - **Insider Threats**: Internal personnel with access to sensitive information or systems can intentionally or unintentionally misuse or compromise digital assets.
 9. **Operational Risks**: There are no specific or innovative aspects in terms of Operational Risks. All Operational Risks are interconnected and integrated within the Cyber Risk realm. Therefore, there's no necessity to extensively explore this topic.
 
-As evident from the text above, ICT Risks and Cyber Risks pose the most significant threats that legacy banks must face, and these could even lead to potential reputational risks in the event of their occurrence. These two areas require the most substantial efforts in terms of financial IT investment, skilled human resources, and new organization framework by the legacy banks. They must undertake considerable technological advancements to enter the realm of cryptocurrency business.
+As evident from the text above, ICT Risks and Cyber Risks pose the most significant threats that legacy banks must face, and these could even lead to potential reputational risks in the event of their occurrence. These two areas require the most substantial efforts in terms of financial IT investment, skilled human resources, and new organisation framework by the legacy banks. They must undertake considerable technological advancements to enter the realm of the cryptocurrency business.
 
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@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ As evident from the text above, ICT Risks and Cyber Risks pose the most signific
 </table>
 
 ## Main results
-The objective of this article, as previously mentioned, was two-fold: firstly, to provide an overview of the main financial and non-financial risks arising from managing non-standard products for traditional banks, such as cryptocurrencies and digital assets. Secondly, to pinpoint the key value drivers within risk management to uncover novel best practices and innovative business opportunities. The primary advantage of the guidelines outlined in the main section of this article is the following: to manage cryptocurrencies and digital assets, banks must introduce an additional variable, in other words, an additional complexity layer, into their organizational framework, and to be more specific within their risk management models. This complexity translates into both a negative aspect, which can be represented as increased costs to manage this new layer of complexity, and a positive aspect: skillful management of this complexity could transform legacy institutions into innovative ones, securing additional profits and competitive advantages that are rare and hard to replicate within the financial industry {cite}`Bitcoin2016Arvind, Duggan2023lending, 2023Custodial, Tan2023risk`.
+The objective of this article, as previously mentioned, was two-fold: firstly, to provide an overview of the main financial and non-financial risks arising from managing non-standard products for traditional banks, such as cryptocurrencies and digital assets. Secondly, to pinpoint the key value drivers within risk management to uncover novel best practices and innovative business opportunities. The primary advantage of the guidelines outlined in the main section of this article is the following: to manage cryptocurrencies and digital assets, banks must introduce an additional variable, in other words, an additional complexity layer, into their organisational framework, and to be more specific within their risk management models. This complexity translates into both a negative aspect, which can be represented as increased costs to manage this new layer of complexity, and a positive aspect: skilful management of this complexity could transform legacy institutions into innovative ones, securing additional profits and competitive advantages that are rare and hard to replicate within the financial industry {cite}`Bitcoin2016Arvind, Duggan2023lending, 2023Custodial, Tan2023risk`.
 
 Furthermore, the legacy bank that first adopts this new analytical variable into its risk management model (and therefore, also into its business approach) can enjoy the benefits of being a first mover.
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ Cryptocurrencies and digital assets represent a significant paradigm shift in th
 
 **It's important for a legacy bank to:**
 - gain a rare and hard-to-replicate competitive advantage, leveraging also on first-mover advantage. The ultimate objective is to secure additional profits compared to the current state.
-- tailor risk management practices specific to your organization, regulatory requirements, and commercial opportunities. Banks that recognize and embrace these changes can harness new opportunities while managing the associated risks. By adopting a proactive and reactive approach to risk management, banks can position themselves at the forefront of innovation, enhance customer relationships, and drive sustainable growth in the digital era.
+- tailor risk management practices specific to your organisation, regulatory requirements, and commercial opportunities. Banks that recognise and embrace these changes can harness new opportunities while managing the associated risks. By adopting a proactive and reactive approach to risk management, banks can position themselves at the forefront of innovation, enhance customer relationships, and drive sustainable growth in the digital era.