A quick reference for django the test project is in rest-framework-test repository

官网文档

FAQ

Databases and models

• How can I see the raw SQL queries Django is running? 查看queryset的sql语句 使用connection.queries

DEBUG模式
from django.db import connection
connection.queires
from djabgo.db import reset_queries
reset_queries()  # 清空query

或者使用print(queryset.query) queryset.query.sql_with_params() stackoverflow链接

Topic guides

讨论各种主题和工具 at a fairly high level, 提供一些背景知识和解释

Models and databases

• aggregation聚合数据

Model & Queryset

./queryset.md
./advanced.md
./pagination.md

Django The Model Layer 数据库model层 官网

Model & Field

• Field Options
  unique, blank, null的用法，歧义解释
• Field Types
• Relationship fields
• Instance methods 实例方法

Migrations

Introduction to Migrations

Data Migrations 数据迁移

python manage.py makemigrations --empty yourappname
from django.db import migrations
def combine_names(apps, schema_editor):
    Person = apps.get_model("yourappname", "Person")
    for person in Person.objects.all():
        person.name = "%s %s" % (person.first_name, person.last_name)
        person.save()
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ("yourappname", "0001_initial"),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.RunPython(combine_names, reverse_code=migrations.RunPython.noop)
    ]

压缩迁移 Squashing migrations

TODO list

• Model Instance
• Other

views

./views.md

url

Request and Response

./request_response.md

Forms 表单

Form API

Using forms to validate data

• attribute
  • errors 具体的报错信息

  f.errors
  {'sender': ['Enter a valid email address.'], 'subject': ['This field is required.']}
  

• method
  • clean() 其实就是调用了clean_data

Built-in fields

• FileField

开发进程 Development Process

官网

Settings配置

./settings.md

• Applications

  • Configuring applications

  from django.apps import AppConfig
  class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
      verbose_name = "自己的名字"
  注意修改后要在 app/__init__.py 里面设置 default_app_config = 'app.apps.MyAppConfig'
  

• Exceptions
  Django Core Exceptions
  from django.core.exceptions import *

  • ValidationError()
  • ObjectDoesNotExist 因为model.DoesNotExist是继承了这个Exception, 所以可以用一个ObjectDoesNotExist来判断多个错误

  from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
  try:
      e = Entry.objects.get(id=3)
      b = Blog.objects.get(id=1)
  except ObjectDoesNotExist:
      print("Either the entry or blog doesn't exist.")
  

  • model.DoesNotExist from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
  • MultipleObjectsReturned
  • PermissionDenied()

django-admin and manage.py

./available_commands.md
./customcommand.md

from django.core.management import call_command

Testing 测试

:maxdepth: 5
./test测试.md

Deployment 部署

WSGI servers, uwsgi

./uwsgi部署.md

gunicorn

./gunicorn.md

信号的处理机制

• signal绑定的情况下
  • 如果是runserver的进程, term的时候会直接崩溃
  • 如果是gunicorn的进程, term的时候也会直接崩溃
• 没有signal绑定的情况下
  • 如果是gunicorn的进程, 会先启动新的进程, term的时候会等待最后一个请求完成

The Admin 后台管理系统cms

• Admin site
• Admin actions
• Admin documentation generator

Security

Cross Site Request Forgery protection

form表单提交的csrf数据: csrfmiddlewaretoken="wfjdaefefewajfklajsf"

    from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
    @csrf_exempt
    def view(request):
        return HttpResponse('csrf')

国际化本地化

• Time zones 时区

./timezone时区.md

Python Compatibility 23兼容

from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible
from __future__ import unicode_literals

常用的网站应用 Common Web application tools

./logging.md

Serialization

from django.core import serializers
serializers.serializer("json", Iterable[Model], indent=4)  # json字符串

用户认证 权限

Authentication Permission

• 已经有了AbstractUser的情况下,自定义user

cache 缓存系统,

官网

from django.core.cache import cache
from django.core.cache import caches

cache.set('foo', 'bar', timeout=3600)
cache = caches['thirdparty']
cache.set('foo', 'bar', timeout=3600*24*60)
cache.get('cache_list', [])  # 没有默认值就返回None

Pagination

from django.core.pagiator import Paginator
objects = Model.objects.all()
p = Paginator(objects, 2)   # 每页显示2个元素
p.count # 获取一共多少个元素
p.num_pages # 获取页数
objectslist = p.page(n)   # 获取第n页
objectslist.has_previous | has_next # 判断是否有下一页
objectslist.previous_page_number | next_page_number # 获取上一页或下一页的页码
objectslist.number  # 当前页码

Data Validation

./validator表单验证.md

Other core functionalities 其他功能

Content Types and Generic relations

• The ContentType Model
  • app_label: application的名字.如果有层import,就是最后的路径
  • model: model的name
  • name: 人看的name
• ContentType的方法
  • [ ]
  • model_class(): 返回contenttype对应的model

  class ContentType(models.Model):
      def model_class(self):
          try:
              return apps.get_model(self.app_label, self.model)
          except LookupError:
              return None
  

• ContentTypeManager
  • [ ]
  • get_for_model(model)

  ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User)
  

  • [ ]

TODO list

• Document
• First Steps

utils

• 生成随即的字符串

from django.utils.crypto import get_random_string
get_random_string(length=6)