Fix most clang-tidy warnings and msvc code analysis warnings

[IAmNotHanni]

There is no need to review the commits which improve documentation!
See: #248

This will fix the most important issues we have in our code. This brach is based on hanni/enhance_documentation. Once we squashed all the documentation commits, we must rebase this again.

I will another pull request in which I will fix the advanced issues.
See the full list: #209.

[IAmNotHanni]

I will ignore warning G403A5994, [misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes].
It makes sense to have protected members if it's a base class.

[IceflowRE]

Could you use the clang tidy readable strings, not sure where you get the other cryptic thing from.
GC8B399FA -> readability-non-const-parameter

[IAmNotHanni]

This needs some more work. Let me sort it out and convert it from a draft pull request to a real pr later.

[IAmNotHanni]

I will open a new pull request instead of git cherrypicking everything in here. I have done a lot of stuff differently in the new pull request and it's much greater now.